Executive Leadership and Employee Motivation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1753 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/28 Category Management Essay Type Review Level High school Tags: Leadership Essay Motivation Essay Did you like this example? This topic is important in building onesentrepreneurial skills. Executive leadership refers to the ability of managers and all other leaders within any organization to guide and create an influence to the workers. Those who lead an executive leadership process typically oversees business activities such as strategic planning and developments, decision making and overall fulfilling organizational goals. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Executive Leadership and Employee Motivation" essay for you Create order In every business organization there are various types of executive leaderships which includes authentic leadership, servant leadership, and paternalistic leadership. This leaders should be depicted by strong characteristics that include motivational leadership skills, accountability, extensive job experience within their professions and full of problem solving skills. Strong executive leaders in most business organizations possess analytical skills used to find out ways in which the organization can derive benefits and maximize employees productivity from the available resources within the company, (Bisk., 2015). In order to avoid low motivation of any organization employees execute leaders have to put basic roles in play. However, in for this role to be achieved the leaders are guided by various processes that includes encouraging employee performance measurements individually, risks analysis and company goals. Other factors such as willingness to collaborate, ability to listen and empathy are useful and much valuable for all executive leaders to implement them in their daily duties. Executive leadership is useful in building organization employees though motivation and other general activities. Organization executive leaders mostly follow up the mix of interpersonal skills both soft and hard as they create an inspiration to all employees, thus, leveraging their attributes in order to improve business process. In other cases they play crucial roles in development and exemplification of their organizations corporate culture that is highly considered in employees motivations development. They includes the executive leader degree of emphasis that is placed on various definition elements that includes collaboration, innovation, hierarchy, competition, social engagement and community involvement. However, due the current technology input, most executive leadership for Chief Information Officer have become both important and more complicated (Cooper, 2003). This is because most new ideas such as cloud computing, mobility, and Internet of Things have developed to be vital parts of the business organizations success. Therefore, each and every executive manage is obligated to make su re that these ideas and technologies are basically properly oriented within the business organization processes. These factors enables executive leader develop high motivations to the employees thus maximizing the business values as they try to avoid security risk and regulatory compliance. Organization executive leaders should always be team energizers. They should always be striving to bring positive energy and even more passion to the workers. Always bearing in mind that the employees are the ones who help the business thrive even at the times of the nations worst economic periods.so the workers need some source of some positive energy and this is where the executive leaders should come I instead of them being the type of leaders who suck the energy away from the employees. Also the Organization executive leaders are supposed to understand that life is not all about work. There should always be time set for the workers to reflect on other aspects of life and even offer them spiritual and emotional support whenever the workers need it. The executive has a role of even encouraging their workers to stay healthy by even organizing workshops for them about healthy lifestyles and this will help make the workers feel valued (Conner, 2014). For the organization committee executive to succeed in motivating workers then they ought to always put their workers first. It is these people that they hire, train and even manage them to deliver their goods they are producing or services they are offering. Most of the responsibilities are entrusted to these workers and for them to deliver things the way the executive wants, then their needs must always be taken care of at any time with a greater priority. All the actions of organization executive committee should be full of integrity. They should not always go against the best interests of the employees like if the point of interest in question can attract external participants like the media or the public. When the employees realize that as a committee they cherish integrity they will feel motivated and even build some sense of pride in them for the organization, (Bisk., 2015). Executive leaders in any organization should have great communication skills. Leadership is all about influencing others and for these influence to be achieved the words passed to the employees must be very impactful to them. They should be capable of communicating to a large audience composed of all sort of people and be able to impact them and pass their message without any struggle. Also, they not only need to be great communicators but also great listeners. They should be able to find the meaning that is beneath any of their workers words. Show the employees that the committee is always there to receive them with an open ear, (Cooper, 2003). This will help motivate them because sometimes the workers are just looking for someone they can speak to and share their burden with. If the executive committee offers this platform of taking time and listen to their workers, then they will feel valued and will be greatly motivated for their duties. Good leaders are problem solvers and any organization executive leaders should be the same. They should not always seat and wait for the workers to solve all the problems of the organization by their own. If they give show concern and share any idea that they have of solving any problem whether individual to the workers or generally to the organization then the workers will definitely be motivated. Also not just helping workers solve problems or solve problems by themselves but also take the task of helping the workers become the best problem solvers by their own in any situation. For the executive be able to help their workers become problem solvers, places another task of them leading through competence and experience and not through position or tittle. Encourage the employees and mentor them to even become something greater in the future. The employees will see people who want the best for them and they will be motivated to do their tasks and deliver the services even more than it is expected. In any case, its the directors obligation to contribute decidedly to the condition, too. I have seen numerous circumstances where the negative state of mind was caused by the supervisor. For instance, he should approach workers with deference, esteem their commitments, impart desires and give input, (Conner, 2014). With that, the representative will likely be fulfilled. Assuming, notwithstanding, that director makes the additional move to find what every individuals interior inspirations and objectives are, and after that tries to attach those to the current work, inspiration will take off. All things considered, isnt that the additional esteem a supervisor ought to convey to the blend? On the off chance that we lived in a perfect world, where everybody was flawlessly coordinated to their work and were totally self-persuaded, the supervisor part could never have been made. Creating good and cooperation absolutely key affects an organization prosperity in terms of growth and enlarging markets. Thekey or passionate condition of a man constitutes his or her ethical texture. A pioneers activities and choices influence the resolve of his subordinates, (Bisk., 2015). Thus, he decides to dependent on as they know about their exercises and choices. Cooperation within the organizations builds basic employees motivation. The manager in most cases becomes dependable to ensure that all the subordinates are able to appreciate playing out their roles in by making them a designed association. To conclude, workers motivation is imperative in the way human power is administered. Representatives are roused for various reasons which have important in the business associations. Motivation and maintenance of employees keeps good performance, expanding profit levels and even the yielding in the organization; enhancement of cooperations success together with the resolving of workers.Different reasons are diminishing the operation costs, diminishing representatives turnover, and decreasing truancy, (Cooper, 2003). Keep in mind to wind up plainly a proficient pioneer, you should act naturally persuaded. As a manger you should understand, personality, necessities and create a successful impact in business objectives by compelling impulse motivation. In case of incidents when they are self-spurred, they can then inspire others in order to accomplish the organizations objectives. Annotated bibliography Bisk. (2015). The Responsibilities of a Team Leader. Mendoza College of Business. This journal article summarizes the basic roles and responsibilities all organization leaders should depict to the employees. It gives length discussion of the importance of executive leaders in motivating employees in order to achieve the organization goals successfully. Bisk takes leaders as the key cornerstones in any group. He describes them as the drives of the organizations. He concludes by highlighting that focused executive employees will always be successful in their duties therefore for leaders to be successful they must be goal oriented. Conner, C. (2014). 6 Ways To Increase Employee Morale And Performance (Without Giving A Raise). Forbes Entrepreneurs. Conner contributes to the entrepreneurs by advising them that employee morale can be increased without even money increase consideration. In this article the different roles of employees are there leaders are summarized well by giving examples and incidents where the said factor can be effective. Journalist Conner outlines the basic advantages of a well-motivated employee within an organization. The six ways are well discussed to give the reader a strong background to build his or her career goals. She is aware of the limitations and possible ethical implications that affects how workers. She sis forthcoming about her methods and supplement her points with scholarly research on her place of work. Cooper, D. (2003). Followership, employee commitment and motivation. Leadership for Follower Commitment, pp. 67-136. Cooper article discusses the employeescommitments, motivation and importance of executive leaders to build a healthy environment for worker and build success of the organization. The main aim of Cooper is to build a group that has same goals, with same factors that are cooperated by the executive leaders. Cooper argues his points in a way that makes the reader grasp the actual points at glance. The article is destined to motivate employees work in groups in order to encourage one References Bisk. (2015). The Responsibilities of a Team Leader. Mendoza College of Business. Conner, C. (2014). 6 Ways To Increase Employee Morale And Performance (Without Giving A Raise). Forbes Entrepreneurs. Cooper, D. (2003). Followership, employee commitment and motivation. Leadership for Follower Commitment, pp. 67-136.

Writing Process After English 115 I Thought, Oh Great,...

When I found out I was taking English 115 I thought, â€Å"Oh great, another English class and I am terrible at writing essays.† My expectations for this class were low because I thought it would be a continuation of a mix of AP Language and Literature and I drained of those two classes. As the first week passed and I gave myself time to read the syllabus, I found the structure of the class to seem quite intriguing. It is split up into three sections; project web, project space and project text. Although there were essays for each section, I wasn’t as intimidated because there were projects and online Moodle assignments that went along with them. I was able to use my creativity for the projects which helped me better understand the subject, so I found the essay writing process less stressful. After finishing English 115 I can successfully say that I have become a better writer, I have fluently kept a style that works for me and I feel more confident in writing and read ing lengthy works. I have finally grasped skills that I couldn’t quite understand in high school, like transitions and thesis statements. I am not as intimidated to read an eight-page text and I no longer skip to the end to see how many pages there are in a text. My perspective on critical reading and writing has positively changed because I understand why I should read and write, not because I have to. The one thing that changed my mind about writing is that I wasn’t timed and I didn’t have to do it in class. MyShow MoreRelatedInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 Pagessuccessful innovators exhibit common behavioral habits—habits that can boost anyone’s creative capacity.† author, e 7 Habits of Highly E ective People and e Leader in Me â€Å"Having worked with Clayton Christensen on innovation for over a decade, I can see that e Innovator’s DNA continues to stretch our thinking with insights that challenge convention and enable progress in the important cause of innovation . . . so critical to competitiveness and growth.† retired Chairman of the Board andRead MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 Pagesbeen indicated in this edition as follows adj. aux. v. cf. coll. conj. dem. E. enc. esp. ext. suff. H. infl. suff. int. int. lit. n. num. p.n. prep. pron. poss. quant. usu. v. Y. adjective auxiliary verb compare colloquial conjunction demonstrative English enclitic especially extensional suffix Hausa inflectional suffix interjection interrogative literally noun numeral proper name preposition pronoun possessive pronoun quantifier usually verb Yoruba derived from Igbo Dictionary: KayWilliamson. DraftRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robbins, Stephen P. Organizational behavior / Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. HD58.7.R62 2012 658.3—dc23 2011038674 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ISBN 10: 0-13-283487-1 ISBN 13: 978-0-13-283487-2 Brief Contents Preface xxii 1 2 Introduction 1 What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Individual Read MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesOperating Manager in Information Systems CASE STUDY I-1 IMT Custom Machine Company, Inc.: Selection of an Information Technology Platform CASE STUDY I-2 VoIP2.biz, Inc.: Deciding on the Next Steps for a VoIP Supplier CASE STUDY I-3 The VoIP Adoption at Butler University CASE STUDY I-4 Supporting Mobile Health Clinics: The Children’s Health Fund of New York City CASE STUDY I-5 Data Governance at InsuraCorp CASE STUDY I-6 H.H. Gregg’s Appliances, Inc.: Deciding on a

Analysis Of Huckleberry Finn, The Red Badge Of Courage, And The Catche Essay Example For Students

Analysis Of Huckleberry Finn, The Red Badge Of Courage, And The Catche Essay r And The RyeTeenagers everywhere have experienced an emotional bond with the characters Huckleberry Fin, Henry Fleming, and Holden Caulfield while reading The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Red Badge of Courage, and The Catcher in the Rye. Hucks adventure down the Mississippi, Henrys challenging experience in the Civil War, and Holdens weekend of self examination in New York City present various views of the transition of the adolescent into adulthood. All three characters evolve from na?ve, innocent children to adult men, sharing their experiences, personal interactions, and emotions thus relating to the readers own teenage years. Huckleberry Finn shares his story, a young boy running away from his oppressive father, as his many adventures chronicle his change into a man. Huck Finn grows up in the sense that he loses his youthful innocence and becomes a mature young man. His first step as a naive innocent child is the simple desire to escape from his abusive father, Pap. Huck is trying to escape his corrupt past, but on the river Huck still faces corruption and inevitably loses his innocent view of the world. Huck witnesses the Grangerforld and Shepahrdson feud, an angry lynch mob, and Duke and King tarred and feathered by the towns people. ?It made me so sick I almost fell out of the tree. I aint agoing to tell all that happened- it would make me sick again if I was to do that. I wish I hadnt ever come ashore that night, to see such things (Twain, 87).? Huck is inexperienced and uneducated, but is expressing his true feelings that the human race is barbaric. Still trying to escape, Huck continues down the riv er. He is constantly challenged to question his society and the human race, and his final challenge comes when he is forced to make a moral decision over his dilemma about Jim. The prejudice and the hypocrisy of the society he has always known challenges the actions Huck is taking to set Jim free. Huck must decide to either go with the values he was raised or go with his inner desire to save Jim. ?Alright then Ill go to hell (Twain, 162).? He decides as he rips up his letter turning in Jim. Even though Huck thinks he is morally making the wrong choice, the decision goes against societys views about the inferior and subhuman black race. Developing a moral ideologue and becoming a man, Huck has become an individual, making the decision himself, living his life the way he wants, and not living his life the way society expects him to. By this decision, Huck sacrifices himself for another human being, taking his final step towards becoming a man. Henry shares his voyage from a young coward to a brave man as he experiences the American Civil War. Henry goes off to war as an ordinary farm boy with na?ve, romantic views of the glory of war. ?They (battles) might not be distinctly Homeric, but there seemed to be much glory in them. He had read of marches, sieges, conflicts, and he had longed to see it all (Crane, 3).? With this romantic idea of war, he dreams of becoming a hero, yet when the battle begins despite his romantic vision, Henrys immaturity causes him to flee. Henrys escape from battle is the act of a child, and he does not realize the severity of his desertion. With childish innocence, he decides to return to his regiment as if nothing has occurred. However before returning, Henry receives what he pretends is a red badge of courage, a battle wound. Henry pretends he received his red badge of courage in battle to allow him to continue his fantasy. Upon returning, Henry watches his long time friend die bravely after fig hting in battle, and begins to realize his immaturity, realizing that war is neither about heroism nor victory, but life or death. ?He (Henry) had grown to regard himself merely as part of a vast blue demonstration (Crane, 7).? Henry still deceives his fellow soldiers and receives praise for his fake courage, but the true hero, Jim, receives nothing. After the death of his friend he questions his role in the war, and Henry finally realizes the severity of desertion during battle and begins to loose his selfishness while gaining a concern for others. ?He felt the subtle battle brotherhood more potent even than the cause for which he was fighting (Crane, 33).? Though his previous actions were immature, Henry learns from his mistakes,and uses this newfound knowledge for his courage in the next battle. With brotherhood as his motivation, Henry shows great heroism, and Henry symbolically steals the Confederate flag and goes bravely onto the field without his weapon. This shows Henrys mov e from a young coward to brave fighting man. By fighting bravely and entering adulthood, Henry ?put his sin at a distance (Crane, 111),? and states that ?He felt a quiet manhood, nonassertive but of sturdy and strong blood? He was a man (Crane 131).? Holden Caulfield, a teenage boy caught between the corruptness of growing up and the beauty of staying young and innocent, discovers the answers to his struggle to enter adulthood during his adventure in New York City. Holden, trying to escape from childhood by not going home or staying his last three days at Pency, decides to go out on his own in New York City. Holden was kicked out of Pency, not because of lack of intellect, but because he chooses not to succeed in school to avoid becoming a ?phony? and become an adult thus losing his individuality. However by the conclusion of the novel, Holden realizes that it is inevitable that he grow up, and that he has actually already lost his childhood innocence. Holden is stuck in the emotion al turbulence of adolescence, and his battle to go back to the innocent leads him down many paths to escape adulthood. First, he goes to New York, and then at one point he contemplates heading west where he will pretend to be deaf and mute and live a quiet life. At another point, he proposes to his friend, Sally, to escape the adult world together. However depressing, on his last attempt to flee, Holden decides that he cannot save himself, but that perhaps he could save other children from the curse of adulthood. He describes this plan in a metaphor about the catcher in the rye. ?Anyway, I keep picturing all these little kids playing some game in this big field of rye and all. Thousands of little kids, and nobodys around- nobody big I mean- except me. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff?(Salinger, 173).? Holden blames the adult world for the corruption forcing children into phony-ness. Holde ns resolve is to become the catcher in the rye to save the world. Sadly, Holden soon realizes he does not possess the power to stop the perversion of children. He could not hide from this corruption, and neither can any other children. His realization comes when he sees ?Fuck-you? written on the wall of the school (Salinger, 204). To protect the children, he rubs it off, but then he sees ?Fuck-you? whittled into the wood at the Egyptian Tomb Room in the museum (Salinger, 209). He cannot erase this message. This permanent message makes Holden understand that his dream is unrealistic. With the failure of yet another plan, Holden sinks into depression and decides to go out west. During his last goodbye to his sister while watching her on the carousel, Holden finally realizes he cannot prevent or run away from adult hood. ?The thing is with kids is, if they want to grab for the gold ring, you have to let them do it, not say anything. If they fall off, they fall off, but its bad to say a nything to them (Salinger, 211).? To Holden, the golden ring is the desire of children to control their own destiny, and when they fall off they become adults. With the breakdown of all his plans, Holden falls off, sinks into depression, matures reluctantly into an adult, and then returns to his safe haven, home. Huck, Henry, and Holden share their growth and maturation with the reader differently, but each ends the novel with the passage from childhood to adulthood. If adolescence is the time when people grow the most mentally, creating personality, character, and moral beliefs, then adolescence is the true beginning of a persons development. A persons entire life is spent further developing from the seed started in adolescence. Each character begins as an adolescent that is maturing. Through immaturity and na?ve realism, each character attempts to escape reality. As Huck finds adulthood by escaping from his abusive father, as Henry runs into adulthood by escaping from battle, and as Holden stumbles into adult by escaping from the corruptness of growing up, the reader too escapes from his or her own reality and gains a greater sense of realism. BibliographyBibliographyCrane, Stephan. The Red Badge of Courage. 1895. New York: Bantam Books, 1983. .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .postImageUrl , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:hover , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:visited , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:active { border:0!important; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:active , .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3ca1a9eb06fc1c6545e6bd115dd79a1c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hate Crimes EssayTwain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 1885. New York: Dover Publications, 1994. Salinger, J.D. The Catcher in the Rye. 1945. Boston: Little Brown and Company, 1951. English Essays

The Side Effects of Breast Implants Essay Example For Students

The Side Effects of Breast Implants Essay In the 1970s women began to look for different options other than padding their bra to get a more voluptuous look. The 70s were an age of a new form of cosmetic surgery called breast implants. These implants became a popular alternative to padding. Serious side effects can result in implants and women should be well aware of these health risks before making a final decision. When you first look into breast implants they appear rather harmless, just a new way to gain fuller breasts. Implants are constructed out of silicone and oxygen, which are used for many other purposes and found to be highly resistant to bacteria. So why would anyone not want breast implants? What people did not pay attention to were the long-term effects. A few years after breast implants were introduced, side effects began to appear. Many health risks arise when simply going through the surgical process. During the procedure, infection, hematoma, hemorrhaging, thrombosis, and skin necrosis may occur. These surgical side effects alone are one reason for dismissing any thoughts about getting breast implants. From the day the surgery is through, a woman is continuously putting herself at risk with implants.The long-term effects of breast implants are hardening of the breast, leakage or rupture, temporary or permanent change or loss of sensation in the nipple or breast tissue, formatio n of calcium deposits, unnatural looking breast shape due to shifting, and the inability to have an accurate mammogram resulting in many diagnoses of breast cancer. When silicone leaks out of the breast area and into your system it travels throughout the body causing serious infections. The dangerous part about all of this is that you can have leakage with or without discomfort. Therefore you could grow ill over a long period of time without a known cause. Two more risks of breast implants are autoimmune diseases, which cause joint swelling and flu like symptoms, and fibrosis. These are also very severe health disorders that can be problematic. We will write a custom essay on The Side Effects of Breast Implants specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Beast implants are a very dangerous health hazard. It is necessary for more women to be educated about the effects of this surgery. They need to be fully aware of the dangers of such a procedure. The risks and possible side effects of breast implants must be made available to any woman who is looking into having the procedure done. The health hazards must not be ignored. They should be taken seriously and addressed with swift action before it is to late. Educational programs must be made to further the awareness of the risks of silicone breasts. The social benefits of breast implants are not worth a womans well being. No woman should have to experience the diseases that can result from breast implants simply to meet the societys perfect mold. Bibliography:

Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example

Argentinas Dirty War Research Paper Example Argentinas Dirty War Paper Argentinas Dirty War Paper At the Eleventh Conference of Latin American Armies, in October of 1975, Argentinas commander in chief of the military forces, Jorge Rafael Videla, pointed out to reporters inquiring about the fight against subversion: In order to guarantee the security of the state, all necessary people will die. When another journalist asked for clarification on the meaning of subversive, he replied, Anyone who opposes the Argentine way of life. 1 A few months following this declaration, on March 24, 1976, the military seized control of the nation; overthrowing the constitutional government, then lead by Isabel Peron. General Videla, Admiral Massera and Brigadier Agosti became the newest leaders in a sequence of military coups. Although this trio would go down in history as the bloodiest one of them all, a series of four more military juntas also followed. In 1981, General Viola, Army Chief of Staff, succeeded Videla upon the conclusion of his term. Although barely assuaging, Viola attempted to reopen conversations with the political parties which were still banned. The even more intransigent General Galtieri replaced him months later. Finally, in 1982, General Bignone was set up to manage the process of transitioning the government towards free elections. This evil period in Argentine history brought the word desaparecidos -the disappeared ones-into everyday parlance. As a terrifying foretaste of what was to come, renowned Peronist leader, Bernardo Alberte, was visited in the early hours of the seizure by a federal police unit. He was then thrown out of his sixth-story apartment building, while his family helplessly witnessed the entire torture. With this, one of many thousand deeds of horror, the new regime took hold of the nation. 2 It is estimated that during this period a total of 30,000 people were disappeared. The political unsteadiness of Isabel Perons administration had, amongst other things, established the grounds for the military coup. Outrageous inflation, murders and profound divisions within the political factions made this intervention appear unavoidable to practically everyone. A cautiously planned campaign by conservative groups of the media, with the support of Argentinean landowners, as well as the pressure of the international financial sector, fashioned an image of these rulers as honest men that would guard the countrys interests against the bloodshed that could occur if guerrilla organizations gained control. However, although the government by the army intended to provide a strong and unified front publicly, each one of them became notable for their internal power struggles, as well. Following the coup, the Constitution was replaced by, what is commonly known, as El Proceso (Statute for the Process of National Reorganization). This statute vested the military rulers with the capacity to exercise legislative, executive and judicial powers in their administration. Jointly, they now controlled trade unions, political groups and institutions of higher learning. Censorship was pervasive, habeas corpus was undermined and all constitutional guarantees were suspended indefinitely. Hence, ninety percent of the courts judges were substituted by new ones. The regime, in their self-portrayal of guardians of the Argentine values of tradition, family and property, deemed any disapproval of their rule as subversive behavior. Therefore, anyone and everyone suspicious of such attitudes would be eliminated, in the interest of protecting the welfare of the nation. As stated by Videla: The repression is against a minority which we do not consider Argentine. 3 The death penalty as a punishment for political crimes was incorporated to the string of new laws and decrees that not only amplified the power of the military, but also that of police officials. During a period of eight years, four different military regimes, took hold of all aspects of government, undertaking one of the most atrocious campaigns of despotism recognized in the Western Hemisphere. It would only be following the fiasco of the war for the Falkland Islands (known as the Malvinas Islands, to Argentineans) that democracy would be, finally, reinstated through the election of President Raul Alfonsin, in 1983. Context of The Dirty War Following World War II, Argentina was positioned eighth amongst the most affluent countries in the globe. Buenos Aires was a refined city, known to the rest of the world as the Paris of South America. As described by Marguerite Feitlowitz, its exceedingly European people were noted for being cultured, sophisticated and cosmopolitan. Up until the mid-seventies, Argentina had the highest literacy rate in all Latin America. In addition, because of the fertility of its expansive and fertile soil, it is one of the few nations in the world that shall never require the importation of food. Nevertheless, despite these achievements, this country has been socially, economically, politically self-destructive, as well. Politicians not only habitually consume their enemies, but also any restive allies too. An example of this was the fall of General Peron. General Juan Domingo Peron was a controversial leader that became president, for the first time in 1946. He was admired by the extreme left and extreme right alike. Peron was a strong supporter of the descamisados (shirtless ones) and organized labor. He was also a fan of Mussolini and Hitler, and a lure for progressive Jews who also provided asylum to thousands of Nazis. Peron became a strong adversary of the oligarchy by nationalizing services and industries and consequently keeping the employees in line with a combination of giveaways and the iron glove. 4 In 1955, the military toppled Perons government and the Peronist Party became outlawed. Juan Domingo Peron remained in political exile, in Spain, until1973, when he returned to be President for a second time in his career. The Montoneros was one of the primary guerrilla organizations to which the antisubversive campaign was originally directed. Although this particular group grew out of the much larger Peronist union movement, by 1976 Peronist leaders not only openly condemned the Montoneros, but also hired paramilitary assistance in order to combat and kill guerrillas. However, by the time the 1976 military regime came to power, the revolutionary groups in Argentina had been all but obliterated. Its is estimated that the total amount of insurgent force members was limited to only about two thousand, while only twenty percent of them were actually armed. On the other hand, the number of the armed forces was close to a quarter of a million people. Clearly, the so-called threat posed by left-wing insurgency was merely an excuse to take complete charge and impose the regime s own terror campaign. These new leaders set out to modify-through any means available-the political, economic, social and cultural makeup of Argentina and to establish themselves as the supreme and unchallenged rulers. 5 Political Culture: Recurring Phases of Gory Rule The history and political culture of this nation has, for long, been tainted by recurring cycles of bloody rule. Researchers date this modern military period back to the 1930s, when Jose Uriburus aggressive coup detat took place. This would become the first military intervention since 1854. From this point and until 1976 there were a total of nine civilian supported military seizures of the government, two other presidents selected by the armed forces, two blatantly rigged elections and also two terms of quasi-fascistic Peronism. 6 On average, each of these governments lasted slightly beyond two and a half years. Military control in Argentine politics not only stems from the weakness and inadequacy of civilian institutions, but also from the particular power of the armed forces within its culture. An irony in the history of this country is that not many officers took part in Jose Uriburus coup; however from that episode on the political culture of Argentina became highly militarized. Although the military forces have illustrated over and over how inadequate their governmental skills are, elected administrations have continuously sought the protection of their power. As summarized by French sociologist Alain Rouquie in his Pouvoir militaire et societe politique en Republique Argentine, No president-civilian or military-has managed to stay in office against the wishes of he men in uniform. Despite all of its cultural sophistication, the foundation of the Argentinean society is quite medieval. Fashioned after the Praetorian Guard, its conventional triad is comprised of the landowning oligarchy, the armed forces and the Catholic Church. Argentina has consistently showed uneasiness about the chaotic nature of democracy. On the other hand, the cool and heavy handed strength of the military provided them with the perception that government was less vulnerable to corruption. During the 1960s, high profiled newspapers-such as La Opinionsupported another series of coups. Because the military preferred an economy based on international capitalism, they were presumed to be more in sync with the interests of the upper and middle classes than the other factions which were after a statist economic policy with an emphasis in organized labor. In the 70s, a huge devaluation of the peso and rampant unemployment rates, exacerbated guerrilla conflict between ultra-right and ultra-left militia broke out. Violent behavior was widespread and everyone was in danger. In 1974, in the midst of such turmoil, Peron dies and control is taken over by his wife, Isabel. As a reaction to the intimidation of the left, the Peronist administration forms the Triple A (Argentine Anti-Communist Alliance. This death squad was originally under the management of the Federal Police and later on under the control of the Minister of Social Welfare. In 1975, Isabel Perons administration officially declared that subversion had been eliminated all subversive elements. Argentina, though supposedly democratic, was for all intents and purposes, under siege. As mentioned earlier in this paper, the armed left had originated from the Peronist movement, although there were other factions, which had a Maoist cast. Naturally, the Che Guevara was highly regarded by them. Although the Montoneros was the largest of the opposing organizations, the Maoist-inflected Peoples Revolutionary Army (ERP) and Peoples Armed Force (FAP) were seriously active as well. The United States and the National Security Doctrine In 1959, Fidel Castros rise to power was a source of much concern to Latin American conservatives and moderates alike. A year later, Argentina implemented the Plan for Civil Insurrection Against the State (CONINTES). This plan was not only aimed at terrorists, but also anyone who identified with or assisted in concealing them. Therefore, lead by a senior officer, the country was split up into military zones. As was to be expected, Washington was not welcoming to Fidel Castro, since he was perceived as a possible weapon of the Soviet Union in the Cold War. The United States was resolute in its objective to keep South America on its side. In 1963, Defense Secretary Robert MacNamara, addressed the United States Congress by asserting that, Our best return on investment in military aid probably comes from the training of selected Army forces and key specialists in our military academies and training centers in the United States and abroad. These students are carefully selected by their countries so that they, in turn, become instructors when they go home. They are the leaders of the future I dont need to dwell on the value of having people in positions of power who have a first hand nowledge of how we think and act here in the United States. For us having these people as friends is invaluable 7 The National Security Doctrine became the political foundation of the military juntas. Since the rule of right-wing General Ongania, soldiers were being methodically trained regarding the threat posed by anyone who did not remain associated to the military and Christian values that protected the world against communism. As many ot hers, Ongania was considerably biased by the United States counterinsurgency courses and lectures that had promoted the doctrine all over South America. This National Security Doctrine was comprised of a sketchy set of concepts and its cohesive power restive in its definition of the enemy, as communism. 8 A remnant of the Cold War, it was created in order to guard the economic power of the United States in South America. United States trepidation about another Cuba drove their efforts to train Latin America against Marxism. This dogma held that a third world war was in peril between the free world and Communism. Commander of the Third Army Corps expanded on this further, by saying: On one side were the subversives that wanted to destroy the national state to convert it into a Communist state, a satellite in the red orbit, and on the other side, us, the legal forces, which by the authority of two decrees of the then constitutional power, participated in that struggle. The internal foe was more dangerous than those out of the country, however, because it endangered the basic Christian and Western ideals of the Argentinean society. The role of the armed forces was to protect Argentinas ideological purity. The government started to intercede in other nations internal matters and joined the Southern Cones military dictatorships in combating subversion. Eventually, this model was exported to other countries-such as Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador and Honduras-where the Argentine actively trained soldiers on repressive techniques against insurgency, as well. In order to synchronize military activities in these nations, General Viola, proposed the doctrine of Seguridad Continental (National Security). This created a actual secretive system for the repression. Political refugees from Uruguay, Chile, Paraguay and Bolivia were warned that they would be deported, if they jeopardized, in any way, the national security of the country. Acknowledging the hazard the UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees) issued a global plea to assist in relocating the refugees elsewhere. According to the belief of the armed forces, the worldwide tactic of Communism now required that the state responded with a wide-reaching international approach. The predictability of a third world war systematically conditioned the minds of the officers and soldiers running the day-to-day operations. Thus, allowing them to justifiably exercise the gruesome methods of repression that were being requested of them from the juntas in power. In his personal account on his kidnapping and subsequent detention, Timerman, editior of La Opinion, discusses what he would overhear from the officers, at he detention center where he was kept: attendance to weekly courses given by the army on such war, was obligatory for the entire staff of torturers, interrogators, and kidnappers. The massage conveyed by this academy was simple: Communism needed To be stopped, and Nazi tactics and methods were the only effective tools For fighting the subversion Since Argentinas labor movement was the foundation of the Peronista Party, workers from the trade union was one the main targets of this campaign. Any demands for social or economic change coming from these groups, were interpreted as the inner workings of a communist scheme. Therefore, Finance Minister Martinez de Oz (who was also president of Acindar-one of three steel industriessubsidiary of U. S. Steel, member of ITT and Pan Am Airway board of Directors) instituted economic strategies that disenfranchised these particular employees. Oz voided progressive labor regulation, froze salaries and increased the wages of officers of the military. As a result, international investment sector was favored at the cost of the national industry. In the meantime, the large credit lines extended by foreign banks and the IMF (International Monetary Fund) supported the economy. However, this period known as plata dulce (sweet money) wouldnt last for long. As put by journalist I. Guest: Down came the barriers, up went the peso and in came the loans, again10 Influences in Counterinsurgency Instruction In 1951, the United States Defense Department established its Military Assistance Program, in accordance to the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance. The purpose of such program was to arm and coach South American armed forces. The Inter-American Defense College in Washington was a highly regarded center, in the U. S. , where the hand-picked candidates would be qualified in counterinsurgency techniques. Another infamous location, where eligible soldiers were rewarded with this unique training, was the United States Army School of the Americas (SOA). The SOA was, initially, established in 1946 in Panama Canal Zone and later on moved to the state of Georgia, in the United States. Here, fifty seven thousand Latin American soldiers were trained on blackmail, torture, bribery and murder. The courses were financed by the United States taxpayers money. Amongst the military men that were trained in this academy were Nicaraguan dictator Somoza, Panamanian drug trafficker Noriega and Argentinas General Galtieri. The academies manuals that surfaced in recent years advised that hypnosis and truth serum be utilized to induce interrogations. Additionally, it was also recommended that parents of political prisoners be arrested in order to encourage talk. The handbooks, which were translations from earlier American English versions, from the sixties, clearly violate todays United States policy. As far a military instruction is concerned, the United States was not the only resource of knowledge for the armed forces of Argentina. The French who had combated subversion in Algeria and Indochina also influenced the Argentine military curricula, as well. The Chief of Police of Buenos Aires between 1976-79, General Camps, was an admirer of the Frenchs take on repression, moreso than the American way. Camps, who believed that terror was a rite of passage and who proudly and openly, admitted his responsibility in over five thousand disappearances expanded on this point as follows: France and the United States were the great disseminators of antisubversive doctrine. They both. , but particularly the United States, organized centers to instruct in the fight against subversion. They sent advisors and teachers. They disturbed a huge amount of bibliography. Unfortunately,. All of that Ended in failure, although it was possible to analyze why they hadnt triumphed There was a basic difference: they were fighting outside their own territory, In countries of different race, a different language, different customs. That Situation is totally distinct from the situation in our Latin American countries. It is important to clarify that the French optic was more correct than The North American; the former had a global concept; the latter were all but Exclusively military. All that was fine until we reached adulthood and Applied our own doctrine which enabled us to triumph against subversion. 11 In the fifties, a military operation from France arrived at the Escuela Superior de Guerra in Buenos Aires (National War College), in order to teach courses in Revolutionary War-also known as Anti-Communist Warfare and Anti-subversive Warfare. During the 1950s and 1960s, articles written by French officers, were published in the schools journals. 12 During the 1970s the Argentine students, published new works that built on the earlier French principles of torture. Many Argentine researchers have acknowledged the influence of this particular mission in the shaping and of Argentinean military tactics and strategy. Clearly, the exchange of ideology at this College was of significant importance as it afforded the Argentine armed forces, yet added rationalization in their application of torture during their operations in the Dirty War.

Life of Frederick Douglass essays

Life of Frederick Douglass essays In this brief passage by Frederick Douglass, called Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, he describes prime examples of a pure Machiavellian. Douglass gives us insight on Mrs. Hamilton, a slave owner, who just like Machiavelli explains in The Qualities of the Prince shows us what exactly Machiavelli was talking about. Mrs. Hamilton is cruel to her slaves in order to keep them loyal and is never peaceful during idle times in order to keep her slaves at her advantage. Douglasss encounters with Mrs. Hamilton again show us exactly how Machiavelli wanted a leader to control the people and with this Douglass shows us how Mrs. Hamilton being the leader, controls the slaves which are her subjects. When Frederick Douglass first introduces us to Mrs. Hamilton he gives us a well-developed visual on how she treated her slaves. Mrs. Hamilton would sit in the middle of the room in a large chair with a heavy cow skin by her side. She would then whip the slaves, as they would pass by her while she yelled at them, and called them names. Mrs. Hamilton would also call Mary pecked than by her name. I see this type of treatment as full Machiavellian from Mrs. Hamilton. Machiavelli in his work The Qualities of a Prince suggests to leader that they should be cruel to their subjects in order to keep them loyal. I sense that by what Mrs. Hamilton was doing to her slaves may be looked at from a different way than by just plain cruel. It shows to me that she was just keeping her slaves loyal to her by whipping them and calling them names. And this to me shows that she took an approach using a structured Machiavellian style. If Mrs. Hamilton did not exercise this type of treatment to her slaves they would probably feel that if they decided to escape for freedom to the North, Mrs. Hamilton would not have punished them for it and let them to free. Mrs. Hamilton also uses another one of Machiavellis suggestions. M ...

The Role of Regional Fisheries Management Organisations in the Research Paper - 1

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