Case #5 AP Courses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case #5 AP Courses - Essay Example The size of checking is very straightforward. Every test would be set apart out of 5 with 3 being the most minimal to slither into certain colleges and a score of 4 or 5 being worthy to the larger part. With me being the pioneer and school advocate, and the one to represent the deciding moment their 'fantasies', the entire obligation lays on my shoulders. To begin, the principal question which would fly into my head would be: 'precisely what amount did these understudies score' Since the most widely recognized score of acknowledgment is 4 out of 5, it's an essential inquiry to know how that by the amount they are lingering behind. It is additionally the explanation that I will expect here that my foundation acknowledges a 4 out of 5 score for passing. Presently, the most significant truth to mull over is this; these understudies have reliably been on the respect move all through their scholarly professions. This demonstrates they are persevering and committed understudies sharp after learning. This additionally puts forth the defense tilt towards their side of the contention since I ought not settle on a choice which will appear to be unreasonable to them, in which case there may be not kidding results like they may get exceptionally de-inspired and quit concentrating inside and out.

Free Essays on Farewell To Arms

Edmund Wilson, in a web article, â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: Bourdon Gauge of Morale,† recommends that A Farewell to Arms is a catastrophe of affection and war . His motivation is to interface the two distinct sides of the novel together so as to give perusers a superior comprehension. Wilson underpins this recommendation by demonstrating models all through the book. No book gives the precision of an outsider in a war like this book does. Hemingway composed this book â€Å"...long enough after the occasions for them to introduce themselves...† The characters are not tormented by the â€Å"dissonance between close to home fulfillment and the enduring one offers with others...†, however when we see the personal connection between the sweethearts we see that it is a â€Å"...idealized realationship...† A Farewell to Arms is a Romeo and Juliet. Catherine and Henry begin to look all starry eyed at after she gets pregnant with his kid and the sentiment blooms from that point when they leave in the night for Switzerland since it is an impartial nation and Henry will be protected from the Italian Army which was going to catch him and kill him since he fled from the war. He finishes up the article by telling the perusers the closeness of the relationshi p in the story. I believed that the article gave a few great focuses in managing the affection and war subject. Wilson tells how no other book catches the abnormality of an American in Europe during a war. I truly felt that he made a great moment that he said that the Caporetto retreat was the best piece of the book since I appreciated that part as well and adored finding out pretty much all the incidents that he ran into. Wilson calls attention to that Hemingway didn't show any strong feeling of character during the book. I discovered that Hemingway makes it so Catherine and Henry need to be with one another eternity, yet its amusing when the kid kicks the bucket alongside Catherine in light of the fact that a cesarian should be the most secure and least demanding approach however it en... Free Essays on Farewell To Arms Free Essays on Farewell To Arms American Lit title = Expository Essay on A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemmingway's A Farewell to Arms, the hero, Frederic Henry is both useless and appalling. All through the story Henry satisfies this depiction of shear disaster and brokenness. The primary components that guide in making him both unfortunate and useless are: the way that the affection he and Catherine shared toward the finish of the book was damned, this adoration was just pretending to him from the start, and he went AWOL on the Italian armed force. The principal detail that adds to making Henry a useless character is that he employments pretending as a method of getting away from the acknowledgment of the human mortality which is revealed by the war. This pretending starts on Henry and Catherine's third experience. After this gathering the two become progressively agreeable with their jobs. It is as though their entire relationship is a game. Not one or the other one of them botches pretending for a genuinely personal connection, however both perceive that it tends to be a valuable gadget for fulfilling certain passionate needs. This pretending is a broken trait of Frederic Henry. The second point that makes Henry a broken character is that he abandoned the Italian armed force. In addition to the fact that this was unlawful it could have cost him his life. Henry, albeit an American, had made a guarantee to the Italian armed force, to secure and serve Italy. This trademark alone is sufficient to make one broken, as it does to Henry. Notwithstanding being a broken character, Henry is additionally an appalling character. The affection that Henry gains for Catherine is unadulterated disaster. In spite of the fact that the relationship that Frederic and Catherine had headed out to be just pretending it transformed into something considerably more, it turned out to be genuine affection. This adoration was more than could be clarified in words. Their love during a monstrous war was not to be reproduced or displayed even as much as throug... Free Essays on Farewell to Arms Edmund Wilson, in a web article, â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: Bourdon Gauge of Morale,† recommends that A Farewell to Arms is a disaster of affection and war . His motivation is to connect the two distinct sides of the novel together so as to give perusers a superior comprehension. Wilson bolsters this recommendation by demonstrating models all through the book. No book gives the precision of an outsider in a war like this book does. Hemingway composed this book â€Å"...long enough after the occasions for them to introduce themselves...† The characters are not tormented by the â€Å"dissonance between close to home fulfillment and the enduring one offers with others...†, yet when we see the personal connection between the sweethearts we see that it is a â€Å"...idealized realationship...† A Farewell to Arms is a Romeo and Juliet. Catherine and Henry begin to look all starry eyed at after she gets pregnant with his youngster and the sentiment blooms from that point when they leave in the night for Switzerland since it is an impartial nation and Henry will be protected from the Italian Army which was going to catch him and kill him since he fled from the war. He closes the article by telling the perusers the closeness of the relationship in the story. I felt that the article gave a few astounding focuses in managing the affection and war subject. Wilson tells how no other book catches the oddness of an American in Europe during a war. I truly felt that he made a great moment that he said that the Caporetto retreat was the best piece of the book since I appreciated that part as well and adored finding out pretty much all the mishaps that he ran into. Wilson calls attention to that Hemingway didn't show any strong feeling of character during the book. I discovered that Hemingway makes it so Catherine and Henry need to be with one another eternity, however its unexpected when the kid bites the dust alongside Catherine in light of the fact that a cesarian should be the most secure and simplest approach yet it en...

Essay Conclusion Samples

Essay Conclusion SamplesThere are a number of ways to approach essay writing and, even though the essay conclusion samples mentioned below don't have the best quality or most style examples, they will at least provide you with a good starting point. Before you begin writing your essay, it is important to think about exactly what you want to say, why you want to say it and how you want your essay to end.One of the first things that you should do when looking for essay conclusion samples is to consider all of the different types of statements that you can include in your essay. You'll want to remember that the essay can be as long or as short as you want it to be. It is best to plan out a structure that allows you to write an essay as if you were reading an outline rather than from a blank sheet of paper.If you use a good structure then you will be more likely to be able to write a good conclusion. The structure is not as difficult as it may seem because it only involves a few basic st eps. The first step is to make sure that you can write a clear and concise statement that will get the reader's attention and help them make up their own mind about the subject matter of your essay.It's word choices that will usually determine the success of your essay. The essay conclusion samples that you find should give you some examples of words and sentences that will get your point across. Consider the topic for your essay as well as the rest of your essay. If your subject has a strong connection to the beginning of your essay then your conclusion should center around that.Using strong words in your conclusion will not only help the reader to understand what you're trying to say but also make your final message stand out in the article. You will be able to write a better essay if you consider this option when looking for essay conclusion samples.Writing an essay is more difficult than it may appear to be. Consider taking a break every now and then and make sure that you write down what you are thinking before you continue. This is much easier than trying to figure it out after you've already begun writing.Remember that one of the most important things to remember when writing a conclusion is to stick to the basics. Give the same information to each paragraph and make sure that the reader gets enough to make a decision about the subject matter of your essay. You should also avoid using too many complex words.The essay conclusion samples that you will find online are the same as any other sample in that they will not be very impressive to look at. You should, however, be able to see a pattern in the types of sentences that are used and the types of words that are used to explain the message of your essay.

Personal Statement Human Resource Management - 1332 Words

I strongly believe that every success begins sequentially with a dream, a plan, and confidence in your skills obtained through past experiences. I secondly believe that your career choice should reflect the life you lead. I have chosen Human Resource Management (HRM) as my career path because of my life experiences, research, and previous collegiate courses which have all shown me the power and importance of HRM. Through these experiences I have not only gained my life goals, but some of the necessary skills for HRM. Those skills include, organization, time management, multitasking, communication, problem solving/conflict management, and discretion (Bohlander, Morris, Snell, 2016). These skills have given me the courage to indulge my passion and desire to further my career with the Masters of Human Resource Management Program of the School of Management and Labor Relations at Rutgers University. From bagging groceries to organizing files, organizational skills ensure an effective and efficient workplace. Organization also ensures great time management (Bohlander, Morris, Snell, 2016). I have had several jobs since high school, participated in many extra-curricular activities and programs, and have taken away valuable lessons from each experience. My career began as a cashier at a local supermarket. Here I was in charge of a register, bagging groceries, and mastering the art of great customer service. I discovered how to think on my feet, bag fast butShow MoreRelatedHow Effective Marketing, Financial and Human Resource Management Activities Could Be Expected to Contribute to Fitness Firsts Success.1496 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will be examining how Fitness First uses marketing, finance and human resource management to continually be an effective and sustainable sports organisation. Fitness First is the largest gym, health and fitness group in the world with more than 1.5 million members and over 550 fitness clubs. (www.fitnessfirst.co.uk, 2009) The Chartered Institute of Marketing defines marketing as â€Å"†¦the management process which identifies, anticipates and supplies customer requirements efficientlyRead MoreBusiness Planning And Decision Making879 Words   |  4 Pagesmade by managers at each management level. A good decision determines the fail or success of a business operation. No doubt that business planning and decision making are mututal important in a business operation, many factors can contrubute to quality planning and decision making. Among all the factors, personal factors and environment factors are the two major topic in today’s business world. The purpose of this article is to take a deep look at what are the major personal and environmental facorsRead MoreThe Efficiency Of Human Resource Management Department779 Words   |  4 Pagesefficiency of human resource management department is improved. The main factors that affect the work efficiency of human resources management department i nclude: monthly payroll calculation and processing, staff attendance and leave processing, employee information management, etc.. These transactions tend to continue to occupy a large number of human resource management personnel. Manual operation is not only inefficient and error prone, the application of information technology in the management of humanRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1521 Words   |  7 Pagesin terms of the groups, individuals, entire organization, and social system. The main objective of organizational behavior is to help find or develop better relationships by attaining human objectives, social objectives and ultimately organizational objectives. Leadership is the capability of the company s management to make sound deliberations and inspire other employees to perform well (Luthans, 2002). In the context of organizational behavior, leadership entails directing the behavior of companyRead MoreMarketing Plan For Product And The Managers1211 Words   |  5 Pagesthe six types of market are resource market, industrial market, intermediate market, consumer market, mass market, and niche market. Those types of market are totally different and the managers need to choose it carefully when they decide the marketing plan (Chapman 2011, p. 138-139). In addition, there are four main elements influence the customer’s buying behaviour. On psychological, the influence only affect individual, then the buying motives, personality and personal education also affect theRead MoreGfsgsdf Hshsdfshfd Sdhgw1479 Words   |  6 PagesCERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN IT BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 60 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 10 BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 PURPOSE OF THE UNIT The unit looks at how a range of resources including human, physical, technological and financial resources are used and managed within business. This unit will help the learner to have an understanding of how human resources are managed and of the employability and personal skills required of personnel inRead MoreEmployee Privacy Rights Human Resource managers and their staff members have to be sure to be up to600 Words   |  3 PagesEmployee Privacy Rights Human Resource managers and their staff members have to be sure to be up to date on all of the pertinent laws and regulations so that they can recognize the importance and need for discretion when handling all types of information about employees of the organization. The federal Privacy Act of 1974 heightened awareness and increased attention to privacy with regards to identity theft in recent years. What this means is that while the act applies to almost exclusively maintainingRead MoreEssay on Project Management and Human Resource Managment1445 Words   |  6 PagesProject Management A project may be defined as a one-shot, time-limited, goal-directed, major undertaking, requiring the commitment of varied skills and resources. A project has also been described as a combination of human and nonhuman resources pulled together in a temporary organization to achieve a specified purpose. A project has a single set of objectives, and when these objectives are reached, the project is completed. Therefore, a project has a finite and well-defined life span. InRead MoreHow Business Plays A Major Role Within Our Society1237 Words   |  5 Pagesto choose from after they have graduated and got their degree. Business does not only mean that someone is the owner of something, but it also means taking control and being a leader of something within that company .Accounting, Human Resource Management, and Management itself are some fields that follows those characteristics and that these undergraduates embrace in. Accounting is one of the three careers that is being discussed that a business majors are able to embrace in. Accounting is whereRead MoreProfessional Career Action Plan1345 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloping a vision statement for your career path is the first step in reaching your career goals (Berkeley HR, 2015). My personal vision statement is to become a human resources manager, but not to just become a human resources manager. I want to become a manager with integrity, trust and respect for all persons that I encounter. I also want to be an encourager and one who empowers my staff to the greatest extent possible. Once I have clearly defined my vision statement, I must then give

Essay about Lower the Drinking Age To 18 - 561 Words

The drinking age in the United States is a contradiction. At the age of eighteen, one can drive a car, vote in an election, get married, serve in the military and buy tobacco products. In the United States you are legally an adult at eighteen. An eighteen-year-old, however, cannot purchase alcoholic beverages. The minimum drinking age should be lowered from twenty-one in the United States. Unbelievably, the United States citizens trust their sixteen-year-old children to drive three thousand pound vehicles. We require our working young to pay taxes. We trust the decision-making abilities of eighteen year olds in public elections, with the right to smoke, and with the choice of marriage without parental consent. Our young adults are†¦show more content†¦In most European countries moderate drinking is common by teenagers. These teens have been taught about the dangers of alcohol and were brought up by parents who let their children experience alcohol moderately. Whelan observes, quot;Though the per capita consumption of alcohol in France, Spain and Portugal is higher than in the United States, the rate of alcoholism and alcohol abuse is lower quot;. United States parents should take the hint from Europe and educate their children about alcohol. Parents should not just say alcohol is bad and evil. Parents should teach about the effects of alcohol, how to drink properly and when alcohol is appropriate. Parents have the chance to properly educate their young adults. These young adults will experience alcohol somewhere and will be given an education by someone. The lessons of alcohol should be learned at home. There are many possible remedies to the problem of underage alcohol abuse. The best possible curative would be to lower the drinking age to nineteen, not eighteen. At eighteen many young adults are still in high school. However, at the age of nineteen most young adults are out of high school or close to graduating. The thought of high school seniors legally drinking would put a bad taste in many citizens mouths. In Canada, the drinking age is already nineteen, which entices many nineteen or twenty year olds across the border for a drink. Our young adult population lashes out at the law by drinkingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Lower the Drinking Age To 18453 Words   |  2 Pages The age of drinking has been an issue in our country for a long time and there are many regards on why the age is set at 21. The federal government should not impose a drinking age of 21. The drinking age should be lowered to the age of 18 for the following reasons; one, most people between the age of 18-20 are drinking alcohol already, and two, you should have the right to purchase alcohol when you reach the age of 18, because that is the age when you are considered and adultRead MoreTo Lower or Not to Lower the Legal Drinking Age to 18, That Is the Question881 Words   |  4 Pagesthat binge drinking is on the rise among college students (Eisenberg n.p.). With an increase of alcohol consumption by underage drinkers, it only seems logical to lower the drinking age to prevent binge drinking, however there are far more consequences to be seen. Lowering the drinking age to 18 will not solve the binge drinking problem among college students but will cause more problems. In this paper I will explain the reason why lowering the drinking age will not stop binge drinking and the adverseRead MoreAnalyzing the Demand to Lower the Drinking Age to 181933 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿Analyzing the Push to Lower the Drinking Age to 18 Introduction According to Andrew Mark Lisa in the preface to his online petition to see the national drinking age limit lowered, it is not only young people but also colleges across America who are interested in promoting legislation that will lower the drinking age. Lisa references a Time magazine article, which quotes Dartmouth College President James Wright as stating that a lowered age limit would help prevent alcohol abuse because campusesRead MoreEssay about Why the Drinking Age Should Be Lowered to 18872 Words   |  4 PagesLowering the drinking age to 18 would make a lot of sense in the world. Lowering the drinking age to 18 would make more sense. It would be better for the teens that drink on college campus. The drinking age should be lowered to 18 because you can vote at eighteen, buy tobacco, it’ll reduce the thrill of breaking the law, evidence supports that early introduction of drinking is the safest way to reduce juvenile alcohol abuse, and college people that are not 21 d rink also. If teenagers that are nowRead MoreWhy Lowering The Drinking Age Is A Good Idea?. Lowering1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Drinking Age is a Good Idea? Lowering the drinking age to 18 in the United States has been a source of controversy in recent years. It has been a controversial topic because many people disagree, while many agree with the topic. For example, the people who disagree and are against lowering the drinking age to 18 believe we should not lower the drinking age because 18 year old individuals are not responsible enough to drink alcohol. While, the people who agree we should lower the drinking ageRead MoreThe Minimum Legal Drinking Age1594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Drinking Age is Safer than You Thought As Americans, we are always wondering what we can do to save lives. We suspect cancer, disease, suicide, violence, and distracted driving as taking the lives of our fellow Americans. What you may not know, is that we are already saving lives, and we have been since 1984 because of one simple law. The Uniform Drinking Age Act of 1984 moved the minimum legal drinking age from 18 to 21. Lowering the drinking age is a step backward for our safety and ourRead MoreLowering Legal Drinking Age Essay1417 Words   |  6 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Half the United States population starts drinking at the age of 14.When you are 18 you have privileges like joining the army. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) You can go to war and die for your country but you still can not enjoy an ice cold beer. (Mitch Adams Lowering the drinking age page 1) How is being 21 different from being 18? How does three more years of not drinking make you mature enough to drink? The longer you drink the more you start toRead MoreWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pagesthat lower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking ageRead MoreUnderage Drinking Is Part Of The Culture Of College1734 Words   |  7 PagesI did discover is that underage drinking is part of the culture in college, also the friends that I had in high school who are 21 now I have discovered they drink some of the least amount now. Which has begun to make me wonder why people who are 21 drink less than people who are underage. I believe that when people are 21 they now do not have to worry about the next time they can get alcohol. Congress should lower the drinking age from 21 to 18 because at age 18 when they are in c ollege, for someRead MoreLower the Drinking Age Essay examples1430 Words   |  6 Pages Lowering the drinking age to 18 would help prevent the crime and personal injuries that are caused by alcohol abuse. Although many states are trying to get the drinking age lowered, there are many groups and national statistics that are keeping the drinking set at 21. For example, â€Å"The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says laws setting the drinking age at 21 have cut traffic fatalities involving drivers by 13 percent† (Keen). They are hoping that by keeping the age set at 21, people

Essay on desegregation historiography - 1258 Words

Equality and equal opportunity are two terms that have changed or have been redefined over the last 100 years in America. The fathers of our constitution wanted to establish justice and secure liberty for the people of the United States. They wrote about freedom and equality for men, but historically it has not been practiced. In the twentieth century large steps have been made to make the United States practice the ideals declared in the Constitution and Bill of Rights. The major changes following Rosa Park’s refusal to give up her bus seat to a young white man and the Brown v. Board of Education trial in 1954. These Supreme Court rulings altered American society and began the desegregation and integration movements. In the 1950’s many†¦show more content†¦Desegregation would improve the performance of blacks without lowering that of whites. Friedman, Meltzer and Miller agree that the presence of improvement does not happen uniformly among integrated schools. While Ian M. Harris writes about the Coleman study in his Criteria for Evaluating School desegregation in Milwaukee, and believes that the improvement always takes place when schools are desegregated. According to Harris certain requirements that schools and policies should meet if they are to aid in integration. There must be equality in school desegregation for all races and the burden of responsibility falls on all races and not just one. Further, fairness must bee practiced when giving demands and benefits to students. For desegregation to be successful integration must be the result. One of Harris’s strong arguments is about the â€Å"forced voluntary† strategy for desegregation. This system to desegregate places the burden on black parents and children. There must be a racial balance in the system of administrators, teachers and role models for black students. When desegregating schools Harris says bussing is not the answer. Rather â€Å"forced voluntary† is the way of action. Allowing students to choose which schools they would like to attend instead of making them go to a specific school lets them feel like they had a choice in the matter. This leaves way for integration to occurShow MoreRelatedThe Poster, By Judith Giesberg1574 Words   |  7 Pagesdemarcation by replacing males in fields and arsenals, confronting state officials in acquiring resources, joining political activities on streets, or travelling to battlefields to retrieve their loved ones’ bodies (9-10). Challenging the established historiography assuming that only no rthern middle-class white had political influence and war protests or disruption of the authorities exclusively belonged to the lower class females in the Confederacy, Giesberg innovatively argued that despite spatially distantRead MoreCultural Marxist George Lipsitz In The Possessive Investment1698 Words   |  7 Pagesconception of racism history in the context of political changes in the Untied States. Lipsitz is not the first historian to analyze critical racism theory, but he is the first to extend the analysis into the late twentieth century. Traditional historiographies of whiteness in the United States emphasize the critical examination and reorganization of the persistent racial discrimination constructed from the problem of white identity. Lipsitz investigates the racialized structure of contemporary AmericaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesmundane level, migration 14 †¢ CHAPTER 1 itself has become inseparable from the daily machinery of migration control and evasion. Indeed, borders have shaped our knowledge of migration as deeply as the process of migration itself. The historiography of migration is built and fragmented around nation-centered themes such as assimilation, push-pull, national identity, debates over national legislation, and diasporas with their attachment to home nations. Enormous and inconclusive social science

Questions on Elementary Statistics free essay sample

In a poll of 50,000 randomly selected college students, 74% answered yes when asked Do you have a television in your dorm room? . Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion. 7) A study shows that adults who work at their desk all day weigh more than those who do not. Conclusion: Desk jobs cause people to gain weight. Use critical thinking to address the key issue. 8) A questionnaire is sent to 10,000 persons. 5,000 responded to the questionnaire. 3,000 of the respondents say that they love chocolate ice cream. We conclude that 60% of people love chocolate ice cream. What is wrong with this survey? 9) A researcher wished to gauge public opinion on gun control. He randomly selected 1000 people from among registered voters and asked them the following question: Do you believe that gun control laws which restrict the ability of Americans to protect their families should be eliminated? . Identify the abuse of statistics and suggest a way the researchers methods could be improved. 1 Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test Form A MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Perform the requested conversions. Round decimals to the nearest thousandth and percents to the nearest tenth of a percent, if necessary. 10) Convert 0. 34 to an equivalent fraction and percent. A) 8 25 , 34% B) 8 25 , 3. 4% C) 17 50 , 3. 4% D) 17 50 , 34% Solve the problem. 11) A gardener has 28 clients, 25% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients. A) 7000 clients B) 700 clients C) 7 clients D) 70 clients Is the study experimental or observational? 12) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundred people contacted, fifteen said they use the product. Experimental B) Observational 13) A clinic gives a drug to a group of ten patients and a placebo to another group of ten patients to find out if the drug has an effect on the patients illness. A) Observational B) Experimental Identify the type of observational study. 14) A statistical analyst obtains data about ankle injuries by examining a hospitals records from the past 3 years. A) Retrospective B) Cross-sectional C) Prospective D) None of these Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience. A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voters corresponding to those numbers. A) Stratified B) Cluster C) Convenience D) Systematic E) Random SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Provide an appropriate response. 17) Define random sample. Explain why this is important in design of experiments. 2 Elementary Statistics Chapter 1 Test Form A Define sampling error and nonsampling error. Give examples of nonsampling error. 19) A market researcher obtains a sample of 50 people by standing outside a store and asking every 20th person who enters the store to fill out a survey until she has 50 people. What sampling method is being used here? Will the resulting sample be a random sample? Will it be a simple random sample? Explain your thinking. 20) Explain the difference between stratified and cluster sampling. 3 Answer Key Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM A SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 1) A population is the complete collection of all elements. A sample is a subset of elements drawn from a population. A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a population. A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. A census is the collection of data from every element in a population; a sample is a subset of a population. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 6) Sample: the 50,000 selected college students; population: all college students; representative 7) Desk job workers are confined to their chairs for most of their work day. Other jobs require standing or walking around which burns calories. It is probably the lack of exercise that causes higher weights, not the desk job itself. Avoid causality altogether by saying lack of walking and exercise is associated with higher weights. 8) This is not a random sample. The survey is based on voluntary, self-selected responses and therefore has serious potential for bias. 9) The question is loaded. A more neutral way to phrase the question would be, for example, Do you believe that gun control laws should be strengthened, weakened, or left in their current form? . MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 10) D 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) A 15) B 16) E SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 17) In random sampling, each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. Random sampling provides us with the best representative sample in which all groups of the population are approximately proportionately represented. Careless sampling can easily result in a biased sample which may be useless. 18) Sampling error is the difference between a sample result and the true population result. Such an error results from chance sample fluctuations. A nonsampling error occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected, recorded, or analyzed. Examples include nonrandom samples, defective measuring instruments, biased survey questions, a large number of refusals, copying sample data incorrectly. This is systematic sampling. The sample obtained will be a random sample because everyone has the same chance of being chosen but will not be a simple random sample as different samples of 50 people have different chances of being chosen. Specifically, the sample is random because each person has one chance in twenty of being selected. The sample is not simple random because different samples of size 50 by this design have different chances of being selected due to the numbers of people arriving at the store at different times. 1 Answer Key Testname: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS CHAPTER 1 TEST FORM A Give an example for each. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter. 2) After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class. A) Statistic B) Parameter 3) A sample of 120 employees of a company is selected, and the average age is found to be 37 years. A) Statistic B) Parameter Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate. 4) The sample of spheres categorized from softest to hardest. A) Ordinal B) Nominal C) Ratio D) Interval Temperatures of the ocean at various depths. A) Interval B) Ordinal C) Nominal D) Ratio SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population. 6) 100,000 randomly selected adults were asked whether they drink at least 48 oz of water each day and only 45% said yes. Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion. 7) In a study of headache patients, every one of the study subjects with a headache was found to be improved after taking a week off of work. Conclusion: Taking time off work cures headaches. Use critical thinking to address the key issue. 8) A researcher published this survey result: 74% of people would be willing to spend 10 percent more for energy from a non-polluting source. The survey question was announced on a national radio show and 1,200 listeners responded by calling in. What is wrong with this survey? 9) 38% of adults in the United States regularly visit a doctor. This conclusion was reached by a college student after she had questioned 520 randomly selected members of her college. What is wrong with her survey?

Unit Activity Essays (1035 words) - Mathematics, Formula

Unit Activity Unit: Single-Variable Expressions This activity will help you meet these educational goals: Mathematical Practices- You will make sense of problems and solve them, use mathematics to model real-world situations, and use appropriate tools strategically. Introduction Have you ever made a mistake when trying to solve a math problem? It can be pretty easy to do, and often will result in losing points on an exam. In the real world, such mistakes can have more serious effects: Miscalculating how much gas you have left in your car will leave you stranded. Miscalculating how much money you have left in your bank account might cost you an overdraft fee. Even more serious, miscalculations have resulted in serious accidents happening many times. Once, as a result of not using the correct units, a satellite sent to Mars burned up in the atmosphere, wasting over $300 million dollars. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to help avoid making errors along the way. One of these strategies is manipulating formulas so they are solving for the variable you want before you substitute values for the variables in the formula. This technique is especially useful when working with large, unwieldy numbers. __________________________________________________________________________ Directions and Analysis Task 1: A Journey to Earth Every moment of every day, light pours out from the Sun at the center of our solar system and travels to Earth. It does not arrive at Earth instantaneously though; it takes time to get here. Your task is to figure out how long it takes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. a. The formula for the velocity of an object is [pic], where v is the velocity of the object, d is the distance traveled, and t is the time elapsed while that distance is traveled. If you had only this formula to work with, what should your first step be in determining how long it takes for light to reach Earth from the Sun? What additional information do you need to calculate this? Type your response here: b. Solve for the variable you are looking for. Show your work. Type your response here: c. Now search the Internet for the values of the variables you do not know. What are they? Type your response here: d. Using the formula you derived and the values you researched, calculate the time it takes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. Type your response here: e. Felix Baumgartner is a daredevil famous for breaking the sound barrier during a freefall on October 14, 2012. Aided by a weather balloon, he climbed to a height of 128,100 feet. More than 24 miles in the air, he was so high up that he could see Earth's curvature. He then jumped out of the capsule that carried him. On the way down, he traveled at an average of 335.92 miles per hour, at one point even going as fast as 720 miles per hour, breaking the record for the highest skydive ever attempted and breaking the sound barrier in the process. Using the formula you derived in part b, how long did it take Baumgartner to reach the ground, in minutes? Be careful about unit conversions, and show your work. Type your response here: Task 2: Interest in Finance Interest is a concept familiar to most people: every credit card in existence has a term called annual percentage rate (APR), which is an interest rate. Suppose you charged $1,000 to a credit card that has a minimum payment each month equal to the interest owed. Can you figure out how much the interest rate is based on this amount? The formula for simple interest is [pic]where I is the amount you will pay in interest, r is the rate at which interest will accrue, P is the principal (amount borrowed), and m is the number of times the interest is applied. a. To solve for the interest rate of your credit card, you need to understand which variables in the above formula you have. If your minimum monthly payment is $22 on the $1,000 credit card bill, which variables do you know the values of? Type your response here: b. Manipulate the formula so it will calculate the interest rate you are paying instead of the amount of money you are paying. Type your response here: c. Now that you have a formula that will give you the interest rate, plug in the values for

Castigo por matrimonios falsos para sacar la green card

Castigo por matrimonios falsos para sacar la green card Es un hecho que se celebran matrimonios falsos con el à ºnico propà ³sito de que el contrayente extranjero obtenga asà ­ la tarjeta de residente permanente (green card) en los Estados Unidos. Pero lo cierto es que la mayorà ­a de las bodas son reales, hechas por amor, aunque ms tarde la relacià ³n acabe mal. Este artà ­culo trata de por quà © se celebran matrimonios fraudulentos para sacar la green card, cules son las estadà ­sticas, cul es el castigo si se descubre la mentira y, por à ºltimo, quà © se puede hacer si se descubre que una boda no es de buena fe. Por quà © se dan enlaces fraudulentos para obtener la green card De todas las formas que existen para sacar la green card, la residencia por matrimonio es la ms comà ºn. Aproximadamente 1 de cada 4 tarjetas de residencia se consiguen de esta manera. La ley permite que tanto los ciudadanos estadounidenses como los residentes permanentes legales puedan pedir los papeles para sus cà ³nyuges, tanto en casos de parejas conformadas por un hombre y una mujer como cuando se trata de parejas gays. En los casos de matrimonio de extranjero con ciudadano se da la mayor incidencia de matrimonios fraudulentos porque ofrece dos grandes ventajas respecto al matrimonio de extranjero con residente: Las peticiones son ms rpidasEn algunos casos, pero no en todos, los indocumentados pueden ajustar su estatus y arreglar sus papeles. Esto no sucede nunca en el caso de boda con residente. Los datos sobre matrimonios entre americanos y extranjeros Aunque no hay estadà ­sticas oficiales se estima que en un aà ±o fiscal tà ­pico se pueden presentar aproximadamente 250 mil peticiones de green card por matrimonios entre estadounidenses, por un lado y extranjeros por otro. De ese total de peticiones, aproximadamente en unos 7,000 casos directamente  el USCIS no reconoce tales uniones como matrimonios, por entender que hay  fraude  y, por lo tanto,  ya no se da la tarjeta de residencia permanente al solicitante. En los casos en los que sà ­ se da la green card, se estima que  hasta un 30% de los mismos pueden ser matrimonios fraudulentos. Sin embargo,  se investigan menos y aproximadamente en 7,000 la green card es revocada. Generalmente porque ha habido una  denuncia de matrimonio por negocio o conveniencia, que puede ser anà ³nima. En estos casos, tanto el ICE (institucià ³n encargado de hacer cumplir las leyes migratorias) como el USCIS (servicio de Inmigracià ³n) estudian si realmente investigan el asunto. Castigo si se descubre que un matrimonio es falso En el caso de que se castigue a una persona por matrimonio fraudulento con el fin de obtener o dar los papeles, la condena puede ser de un mximo 5 aà ±os de prisià ³n y multa de $250,000. Aunque el castigo se puede aplicar a ambos cà ³nyuges, lo cierto es que el extranjero recibe, en general, una mayor pena: puede ser deportado y, si ya le habà ­an dado la green card cuando se detectà ³ que el matrimonio era de conveniencia, se le quitar la residencia. Mientras que en la mayorà ­a de los casos  el ciudadano americano recibir sà ³lo un llamado de atencià ³n. Aunque hay excepciones y a veces depende mucho de la jurisdiccià ³n  en la que se  ventila el caso lo ms comà ºn es que los ciudadanos americanos sean multados e ingresen en prisià ³n por fraude inmigratorio por matrimonio en casos muy excepcionales. Adems hay otra importante diferencia en cuanto a las consecuencias. Si un matrimonio entre un ciudadano y un extranjero es fraudulento y se descubre al menos cinco aà ±os ms tarde, al estadounidense no le pasar jams nada. Esto es porque el delito prescribe (statue of limitations). Sin embargo en el mismo caso el extranjero ser privado de su green card y deber abandonar los Estados Unidos, asà ­ hayan pasado ms de cinco aà ±os desde la boda, porque en este caso no hay prescripcià ³n. E incluso en los casos en los que el extranjero pidià ³ la nacionalidad americana por naturalizacià ³n podrà ­a llegar a perder la ciudadanà ­a. Son proceso muy raros de desnaturalizacià ³n, pero son posibles. Quà © se puede hacer si se es và ­ctima de un matrimonio de conveniencia Es comà ºn que en este tipo de bodas falsas los dos contrayentes està ©n de acuerdo, a veces por amistad entre ambos y, a veces, porque se paga una cantidad de dinero. Esto es asà ­ a pesar de que cuando una persona pide los papeles para otra se est comprometiendo por aà ±os a responder econà ³micamente por ella porque ha firmado el affidavit of support, tambià ©n conocida como declaracià ³n de sostenimiento. Sin embargo, en ocasiones el ciudadano o el residente ni siquiera sospecha de lo que hay no es amor, sino simplemente interà ©s. En estos casos, dependiendo del momento, son posibles diversas situaciones, como por ejemplo:  cancelar la peticià ³n  o incluso solicitar  el divorcio  o, como se seà ±alà ³ ms arriba en este artà ­culo, denunciando. A tener muy en cuenta El matrimonio de un indocumentado con un ciudadano americano no siempre sirve para regularizar la situacià ³n. Depende, en gran medida, de cà ³mo se ingresà ³ a Estados Unidos. Por à ºltimo, seà ±alar que en ocasiones un matrimonio por amor puede levantar sospechas, por la razà ³n que sea. Estos son 12 documentos que sirven para mostrar que el matrimonio es real. Y estas son 65 preguntas que se pueden formular en la entrevista en el consulado para la visa de inmigrante o en la de ajuste de estatus o para el levantamiento de la condicionalidad de la green card (casos especà ­ficos de matrimonio con ciudadano). Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Total Quality Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Total Quality Management - Essay Example TQM is based on the practice and assumption that problems should be dealt with at the point of origin itself. Each process in any business, like sales, marketing, operations, finance, production, planning, personnel, technical, have parameters of input. If the input is wrong, the output is bound to be wrong. Wang suggests that the correction should be made at the input level itself, which minimizes the chances of a wrong output. Silos also agrees that every aspect and every process of the business system should be involved so that all functions – vertically and horizontally across all levels are covered (1999 cited by Cannon, 2002). Although there have been modification to the adaptation of the TQM, the essential principles of this management philosophy remains the same. This paper will highlight how Marriott considered the TQM in their hotels. Marriott International has always been known as an employee-oriented family atmosphere organization. As service expectation of the existing customers and potential customers have gone up, and as TQM is a management philosophy based on continuous improvement, Marriott felt the need to consider TQM in their company to be able to deliver quality service and to sustain their image in the competitive market. To be able to consider TQM in their organization, Marriott first ventured to define TQM in their own style. To them, TQM meant: The philosophy of the founder of Marriott was â€Å"Take care of Marriott people and they will take care of Marriott guests† (Cannon, 2002). They were in essence attempting to satisfy both their internal and external customers by the TQM approach. They believe that â€Å"Hands-on managers† are absolutely vital to continuing the Marriott culture. The managers need to possess the people skills in being able to support, inspire, encourage, lead and listen to associates. Employees leave the organization or form unions when they are dissatisfied with the management. With the

Broadband Market in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Broadband Market in the UK - Essay Example 4). Nevertheless, broadband services â€Å"can be accessed from the local telephone exchange (either via copper lines or fibre optic cable), a cable television hub and via wireless and satellite technologies† (Downing 2011, p. 4). Broadband services â€Å"is usually described by the amount of data (in bits) that can be transferred† (Downing 2011, p. 4). To give an idea of the required speed that would make data transfer fast and efficient, â€Å"a typical email is thousands of bits (kilobits or kb), a music file can be several million bits (megabits or Mb per second---Mbps) and a firm may be several billion bits (gigabits or GB)† (Downing 2011, p. 4). To enjoy a live stream requires a constant speed of 2Mbps and, in 2009, it was estimated that about 2.75 million people in the UK had broadband speed of less than this (Downing 2011, p. 6). Today, broadband services are highly available on mobile phones. Mobile telephony is â€Å"a largely deregulated market in the UK† and this may be an explanation why broadband services became increasingly available in mobile phones (Downing 2011, p. 12). II. ... 1). Nevertheless, residential fixed broadband customers have been using an average of 17GB of data monthly (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). Citing data from the London Internet Exchange, Ofcom (2012b, p. 2) reported that internet traffic â€Å"has increased seven fold in the last five years.† The Ofcom estimated that if demand continues to grow at the same pace, new investments have to made (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). New technologies are being introduced to deliver up to 80 Mbit/s over copper wires and 300Mbit/s over fibre (Ofcom 2011b, p. 2). In the market, there are at least three kinds of internet speed: the headline or the advertised speed, the average speed and the maximum speed (Ofcom 2011c, p. 3-4). 2G. According to UK Ofcom, as of November 2011, â€Å"97% of premises and 66% of the UK landmass can receive a 2G signal outdoors form all four 2G networks.† However, according to the same source, â€Å"approximately 900,000 UK premises do not have a choice of all four 2G mobile netwo rks.† The 2G coverage is mostly voice and SMS. The so-called 2G refers to â€Å"second generation of mobile telephony systems† (UK Ofcom 2011b, p. 101). The 2G â€Å"uses digital transmission to support voice, low-speed data communications, and short messaging services† (UK Ofcom 2011, p. 101). Ofcom calculates that for 2G, 99% of England, 92% of Wales and Northern Ireland and 98% of Scotland have broadband coverage (Downing 2012, p. 13). 3G. Meanwhile only â€Å"73% of premises and just 13% of the UK’s land mass receive a signal outdoors from all five 3G networks, with lower coverage in less densely populated areas† (UK Ofcom). Thus, â€Å"approximately 7.7 million UK premises do not have a choice of all five 3G mobile networks† (UK Ofcom 2011a).

Virtual Meeting Scenario Essay Example for Free

Virtual Meeting Scenario Essay In the past, a meeting for many global companies and organizations with largely distributed partakers was challenging. For example, previously if a company called a meeting and attendees were in different locations, the business would either fly those in attendance to a central location, or hold conference calls. Today companies take advantage of technology by holding virtual meetings. According to Educause Learning Initiative â€Å"A virtual meeting is Online virtual meetings are real-time interactions that take place over the Internet using features such as audio and video, chat tools, and application sharing† (Educase Learning Initiative, 2006). In other words a virtual meeting can link meeting participants without him or her ever leaving his or her workplace. From this new innovation businesses can expand businesses and make decisions faster; however, all meeting attendees should learn to respect each other, communicate, and appreciate each other’s differences. There are several types of teams, from sports teams to debate teams and workplace teams. Workplace teams is the focus of this paper, specifically virtual teams, the individual who are a part of the team must be there to create a cooperative effort for teamwork to be present. Different obstacles can be created by virtual meetings because the individuals involved in the meeting are not face to face and only have what each other say to make his or her impressions and perceptions. The teams involved in the virtual meetings have to be open to learn, share, discuss, and seek information and knowledge. The virtual meeting scenario with Pablo, Sam and Lifang Lin, they all are from different regions and cultures. The simulation is provided by University of Phoenix (2009). The obstacles and difficulties that each individual in the simulation endures include accents, stereotypes, culture, ego and gender. There are remarks made based on one’s culture and stereotypes brought up. In the simulation it is understood that because Lifang Lin is a female that the two males seems to leave her out of conversation and not recognize that she is a part of the team. Sam, an American, made offensive comments that are very derogatory and rude. He also made a prejudice comment to Pablo that he wants to â€Å"build a higher wall along the border there so y’all meaning Mexican don’t keep coming over into America and ruining things for the rest of us,† (University of Phoenix, 2009). Sam also talks about taking â€Å"siestas† and calling him â€Å"Senor Pablo† and that he â€Å"don’t hablo espanol or anything like that. † Even though Pablo is an educated man Sam comments still make seems like he is superior to Pablo and Pablo in inferior to him. Sam is an unethical, prejudice, self-absorb, and bias person. I would not have let it the conservation get far. I would have told Sam he was unprofessional and we are here to conduct business. Pablo is from Mexico and third world country. Pablo has a big ego and he always singing his own praises and building his self-up. He always wants to take the lead, talk about how handsome he is, talk about a lot about his accomplishments, and feel he is superior to everyone else. Pablo appears to be self-centered and arrogant just from his introduction. He did show have some hostility toward Sam regarding his remarks, Pablo told Sam the topic is sensitive to him. Pablo is an egotistical person despite the how Sam stereotyped him. I would have did the same with Pablo stopped him before he made everything about himself and not the business. Lifang Lin is from China. Lifang Lin is the most professional out of them all. She needs to talk up some to Sam and Pablo and not let them bully her. She is submissive, maybe because of her culture. She appears to be somewhat shy and laid back, but she is respectful of other. She tries to makes things peaceful between everyone. She is more of a peacemaker and leader than Sam and Pablo. If I was Lifang Lin I would have ask Sam and Pablo to conduct themselves professionally and treat each other with respect.

Ernest J. Gainess Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers

Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world. Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men :: Essays Papers Ernest J. Gaines's Gathering of Old Men In A Gathering of Old Men, by Ernest J. Gaines, racism plays a huge part of life in the south. When a white man is found dead; his family and friends start to gather to find the man who did this. After time these men start to drink and make a plan to kill the man; who just happened to be black. This just shows how even though the Civil was brought freedom to blacks, there is still hate towards them because of their skin color. After time the black men also start to gather at Mathu’s house (the man who murdered the white man) and they all bring twelve gauge shotguns. The sheriff arrives and asks who killed that man, and all the black men say, â€Å"it was me.† The sheriff then threatens to take them all to prison, but he cannot because he does not know who the murder is. The sheriff knowing the racism of the town; has a deputy stand on Mathus sidewalk to make sure nothing happens. As time goes by and the white men are starting to get angry the man who’s son was killed steps in and says â€Å"this cannot go on any longer.† This shows how after time color or race does not matter to people, and how after time a man is a man and a woman is a woman. This upsets the rest of the men even more because this shows them how they are not superior to the black men anymore. As time goes on the sheriff is starting to worry even more; because he knows the men have been drinking excessively. When night falls the sheriff and his men go home, praying that nothing will happen. By this time the white men are very drunk and want revenge. To the white men’s surprise when they arrive to Mathu’s house they are out numbered at least two to one. The white men realize that they are going to loose once again. When the white men start to shoot this shows how childish people are when they are not on top of the world.

Computer Use in Legal Work Essay

Computers have been dominating the workplace these days. In this modern world, companies have become ultimately dependent on computers when it comes to continuous or automatic tasks where humans are no match with when it comes to process time. It completely eliminates the factor of â€Å"human error† and the inherent disadvantages of humans versus computers, such as the need to sleep or rest, the need for variety, etc. Modern technology has enabled data to be sorted, collected and analyzed quickly and perhaps more cost-effectively when compared to hiring a number of people to work on them to collect and analyze the data and then paying them an appropriate level of wages and benefits. Artificial intelligence allows data extraction, sorting and analysis to be tailored to the need of the client, wherein concepts that are identified using deduction processes can be added to their features. These developments are leading to law firms where the majority of staff will be limited to t hose operating the machines alone – not to people doing the gathering, sorting and analyzing of the data. Computer logic has become very much intelligent and has become, at times, more than at par with how humans think. Computers are replacing workers at an alarming pace in many corporations – with the notable exception of tasks needing high levels of creativity. Automation has become both good and bad for the economy. Automation progresses as technology progresses. Applications on computers are replacing the humans who used to do their jobs as computers do those jobs faster – often doing double the work that would be done in 8 hours by a single human being. Economics will be greatly impacted by the changes in technology. Although it may not directly create unemployment since people tend to get more and more creative in finding something to do for work, the advancements in technology will continue to grow. E-discover, an application being used in the legal world, uses both linguistic and sociological logic in order to filter information when users search for information. Ap art from language, the social aspects implied in the searches will be included in the results. Information-sifting has become so sophisticated that applications are already able to identify and deduce human interactions pertaining to events, telephone calls, emails, messages, etc. They are also capable of decoding data used to cloak information being conveyed through these venues. Cataphora, a software that analyzes data, is capable of â€Å"†¦showing who leaked information, who’s influential in the organization or when a sensitive document like an S.E.C. filing is being edited an unusual number of times, or an unusual number of ways, by an unusual type or number of people.† It is also programmed to identify human emotions implied within an e-mail or a call. Detection of shifts in human emotions can mean an alert implying illegal activities. Clearwell, a program from a company in Silicon Valley, analyzes documents by searching for concepts, which simplifies material review in litigation. In an example given by the company, an analysis task that would normall y take an entire work week could be cut down to 3 days using the software. Although computers may seem to have advantages in certain types of analysis tasks, the â€Å"human factor† involved in identifying relevant information still remains in the hands of the person operating the computer. Taking for example the case of Enron, wherein over five million messages had to be processed for the prosecution, Andrew McCallum decided to purchase a copy of the database for $10,000 for the University of Massachusetts and made it available for research, which made a huge impact within the legal community. Although technology has its own limitations as when data need to be audited by a person, it still makes a huge impact in terms of how fast the work is delivered. In terms of accuracy, humans commit errors – hence the term â€Å"human error†. This is what Mr. Herr found when he back-tracked and did analysis on previous jobs to check the difference in results between humans and computers. The 40% difference in accuracy he found in favor of computers leads us to think about companies, corporations and the legal profession as a whole, and the savings from expenses it will have when software as such is used PIL In Indian law, public-interest litigation is litigation for the protection of the public interest. PIL may be introduced in a court of law by the court itself (sumoto), rather than the aggrieved party or another third party. For the exercise of the court’s jurisdiction, it is unnecessary for the victim of the violation of his or her rights to personally approach the court. In PIL, the right to file suit is given to a member of the public by the courts through judicial activism. The member of the public may be a non-governmental organization (NGO), an institution or an individual. The Supreme Court of India, rejecting the criticism of judicial activism, has stated that the judiciary has stepped in to give direction due to executive inaction; laws enacted by Parliament and the state legislatures for the poor since independence have not been properly implemented. Public Interest Litigation Public Interest Litigation as exists today PIL today offers such a paradigm which locates the content of informal justice without the formal legal system. Non Anglo-Saxon jurisdiction directs courts to transcend the traditional judicial function of adjudication and provide remedies for social wrongs. PIL had already molded the state in to the instrument of socio-economic change. Social justice is the byproduct of this transcends from the formal legal system. Evolution of Public Interest Litigation The Indian PIL is the improved version of PIL of U.S.A. According to â€Å"Ford Foundation† of U.S.A., â€Å"Public interest law is the name that has recently been given to efforts that provide legal representation to previously unrepresented groups and interests. Such efforts have been undertaken in the recognition that ordinary marketplace for legal services fails to provide such services to significant segments of the population and to significant interests. Such groups and interests include the proper environmentalists, consumers, racial and ethnic minorities and others†. The emergency period (1975-1977) witnessed colonial nature of the Indian legal system. During emergency state repression and governmental lawlessness was widespread. Thousands of innocent people including political opponents were sent to jails and there was complete deprivation of civil and political rights. The post emergency period provided an occasion for the judges of the Supreme Court to openl y disregard the impediments of Anglo-Saxon procedure in providing access to justice to the poor. Notably two justices of the Supreme Court, Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer and P. N. Bhagwati recognised the possibility of providing access to justice to the poor and the exploited people by relaxing the rules of standing. In the post-emergency period when the political situations had changed, investigative journalism also began to expose gory scenes of governmental lawlessness, repression, custodial violence, drawing attention of lawyers, judges, and social activists. PIL emerged as a result of an informal nexus of pro-active judges, media persons and social activists. This trend shows starke difference between the traditional justice delivery system and the modern informal justice system where the judiciary is performing administrative judicial role. PIL is necessary rejection of laissez faire notions of traditional jurisprudence. The first reported case of PIL in 1979 focused on the inhuman conditions of prisons and under trial prisoners. In Hussainara Khatoon v. State of Bihar, AIR 1979 SC 1360, the PIL was filed by an advocate on the basis of the news item published in the Indian Express, highlighting the plight of thousands of undertrial prisoners languishing in various jails in Bihar. These proceeding led to the release of more than 40, 000 undertrial prisoners. Right to speedy justice emerged as a basic fundamental right which had been denied to these prisoners. The same set pattern was adopted in subsequent cases. In 1981 the case of Anil Yadav v. State of Bihar, AIR 1982 SC 1008, exposed the brutalities of the Police. News paper report revealed that about 33 suspected criminals were blinded by the police in Bihar by putting the acid into their eyes. Through interim orders S. C. directed the State government to bring the blinded men to Delhi for medical treatment. It also ordered speedy prosecution of the guilty policemen. The court also read right to free legal aid as a fundamental right of every accused. Anil Yadav signalled the growth of social activism and investigative litigation. In (Citizen for Democracy v. State of Assam, (1995) 3SCC 743), the S. C. declared that the handcuffs and other fetters shall not be forced upon a prisoner while lodged in jail or while in transport or transit from one jail to another or to the court or back. Concept of PIL According to the jurisprudence of Article 32 of the Constitution of India, â€Å"The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this part is guaranteed†. Ordinarily, only the aggrieved party has the right to seek redress under Article 32. In 1981 Justice P. N. Bhagwati in .S. P. Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 (Supp) SCC 87, articulated the concept of PIL as follows, â€Å"Where a legal wrong or a legal injury is caused to a person or to a determinate class of persons by reason of violation of any constitutional or legal right or any burden is imposed in contravention of any constitutional or legal provision or without authority of law or any such legal wrong or legal injury or illegal burden is threatened and such person or determinate class of persons by reasons of poverty, helplessness or disability or socially or economically disadvantaged position unable to approach the court for relief, any member of public can maintain an application for an appropriate direction, order or writ in the High Court under Article 226 and in case any breach of fundamental rights of such persons or determinate class of persons, in this court under Article 32 seeking judicial redress for the legal wrong or legal injury caused to such pe rson or determinate class of persons.† The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique consideration (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). Supreme Court in Indian Banks’ Association, Bombay and ors v. M/s Devkala Consultancy Service and Ors., J. T. 2004 (4) SC 587, held that â€Å"In an appropriate case, where the petitioner might have moved a court in her private interest and for redressal of the personal grievance, the court in furtherance of Public Interest may treat it a necessity to enquire into the state of affairs of the subject of litigation in the interest of justice. Thus a private interest case can also be treated as public interest case†. In Guruvayur Devaswom Managing Commit. And Anr. Vs. C.K. Rajan and Ors, J.T. 2003 (7) S.C. 312, S.C. held, â€Å"The Courts exercising their power of judicial review found to its dismay that the poorest of the poor, depraved, the illiterate, the urban and rural unorganized labour sector, women, children, handicapped by ‘ignorance, indigence and illiteracy’ and other down trodden have either no access to justice or had been denied justice. A new branch of proceedings known as ‘Social Interest Litigation’ or ‘Public Interest Litigation’ was evolved with a view to render complete justice to the aforementioned classes of persona. It expanded its wings in course of time. The Courts in pro bono publico granted relief to the inmates of the prisons, provided legal aid, directed speedy trial, maintenance of human dignity and covered several other areas. Representative actions, pro bono publico and test litigations were entertained in keeping with the current accent on justice to the common man and a necessary disincentive to those who wish to by pass the, real issues on the merits by suspect reliance on peripheral procedural shortcomings†¦ Pro bono publico constituted a significant state in the present day judicial system. They, however, provided the dockets with much greater responsibility for rendering the concept of justice available to the disadvantaged sections of the society. Public interest litigation has come to stay and its necessity cannot be overemphasized. The courts evolved a jurisprudence of compassion. Procedural propriety was to move over giving place to substantive concerns of the deprivation of rights. The rule of locus standi was diluted. The Court in place of disinterested and dispassionate adjudicator became active participant in the dispensation of justice†. Aspects of PIL (a) Remedial in Nature Remedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part IV of the Constitution of India into part III of the Constitution. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part III of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic welfare one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary. (b) Representative Standing Representative standing can be seen as a creative expansion of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition on the ground that the injured party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action. (c) Citizen standing The doctrine of citizen standing thus marks a significant expansion of the court’s rule, from protector of individual rights to guardian of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness. (d) Non-adversarial Litigation In the words of S. C. in People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, AIR 1982 S.C. 1473, â€Å"We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our command that public interest litigation†¦is a totally different kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief†. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects. 1. Collaborative litigation; and 2. Investigative Litigation Collaborative Litigation: In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the Government or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become meaningful for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three different functions other than that from traditional determination and issuance of a decree. (i). Ombudsman- The court receives citizen complaints and brings the most important ones to the attention of responsible government officials. (ii) Forum – The court provides a forum or place to discuss the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator – The court comes up with possible compromises. Investigative Litigation: It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, District Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc. (e) Crucial Aspects The flexibility introduced in the adherence to procedural laws. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P.,(1985) 2 SCC 431, court rejected the defense of Res Judicta. Court refused to withdraw the PIL and ordered compensation too. In R.C. Narain v. State of Bihar, court legislated the rules for the welfare of the persons living in the mental asylum. To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the meaning of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible. (f) Relaxation of strict rule of Locus Standi The strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, AIR 1987 SC 579, S.C. held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done substantial research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances without getting the approval of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has ‘sufficient interest’ to maintain a petition under Article 32. The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique consideration†¦court has to strike balance between two conflicting interests: (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others; and (ii) avoidance of public mischief and to avoid mischievous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349). It is depressing to note that on account of trumpery proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time otherwise could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants. Though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in fostering and developing the laudable concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the oppressed and the needy whose fundamental rights are infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard (Ashok Kumar Pandey v. State of W. B., (2004) 3 SCC 349) . (g) Epistolary Jurisdiction The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes. This jurisdiction is somehow different from collective action. Number of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the footing or at least platform to the needy class of the society. Features of PIL Through the mechanism of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the following ways: 1) By creating a new regime of human rights by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against torture, sexual harassment, solitary confinement, bondage and servitude, exploitation and so on emerge as human rights. These new reconceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public spirited citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attention can be drawn even by writing a letter or sending a telegram. This has been called epistolary jurisdiction. 3) By fashioning new kinds of relief’s under the court’s writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim compensation to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is limited to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL matters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil suit for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, women’s protective homes, juvenile homes, mental asylums, and the like. Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual improvement in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of National Human Rights Commission or Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation. PIL as an Instrument of Social Change PIL is working as an important instrument of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. It’s the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this legitimate instrument proved beneficial for the developing country like India. PIL has been used as a strategy to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. It’s an institutional initiative towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, S.C. ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, court banned smoking in public places. In a landmark judgement of Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum v. Union of India, (1995) 1 SCC 14, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan Supreme court has laid down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual harassment of working women in place of their work. Conclusion It would be appropriate to conclude by quoting Cunningham, â€Å"Indian PIL might rather be a Phoenix: a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order.† PIL represents the first attempt by a developing common law country to break away from legal imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the assumption that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under develop men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disillusionment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL. The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural. It has radically altered the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the reach of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in handling the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. But these deficiencies can be removed by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once expressed by Justice Krishna Iyer, â€Å"The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes†. 1.Public Interest Litigation Judiciary, being the sentinel of constitutional statutory rights of citizens has a special role to play in the constitutional scheme. It can review legislation and administrative actions or decisions on the anvil of constitutional law. For the enforcement of fundamental rights one has to move the Supreme Court or the High Courts directly by invoking Writ Jurisdiction of these courts. But the high cost and complicated procedure involved in litigation, however, makes equal access to jurisdiction in mere slogan in respect of millions of destitute and underprivileged masses stricken by poverty, illiteracy and ignorance. The Supreme Court of India, pioneered the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) thereby throwing upon the portals of courts to the common man. Till 1960s and seventies, the concept of litigation in India was still in its rudimentary form and was seen as a private pursuit for the vindication of private vested interests. Litigation in those days consisted mainly of some action initiated and continued by certain individuals, usually, addressing their own grievances/problems. Thus, the initiation and continuance of litigation was the prerogative of the injured person or the aggrieved party. Even this was greatly limited by the resources available with those individuals. There was very little organized efforts or attempts to take up wider issues that affected classes of consumers or the general public at large. However, all these scenario changed during Eighties with the Supreme Court of India led the concept of public interest litigation (PIL). The Supreme Court of India gave all individuals in the country and the newly formed consumer groups or social action groups, an easier access to the law and introduced in their work a broad public interest perspective. Public Interest Litigation has been defined in the Black’s Law Dictionary (6th Edition) as under:- â€Å"Public Interest – Something in which the public, the community at large, has some pecuniary interest, or some interest by which their legal rights or liabilities are affected. It does not mean anything so narrow as mere curiosity, or as the interests of the particular localities, which may be affected by the matters in question. Subjects of Public Interest Litigation. Public Interest Litigation is meant for enforcement of fundamental and other legal rights of the people who are poor, weak, ignorant of legal redressal system or otherwise in a disadvantageous position, due to their social or economic background. Such litigation can be initiated only for redressal of a public injury, enforcement of a public duty or vindicating interest of public nature. It is necessary that the petition is not filed for personal gain or private motive or for other extraneous consideration and is filed bona fide in public interest. The following are the subjects which may be litigated under the head of Public Interest Litigation: (I) The matters of public interest: Generally they include (i) bonded labour matters (ii) matters of neglected children (iii) exploitation of casual labourers and non-payment of wages to them (except in individual cases) (iv) matters of harassment or torture of persons belonging to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Economically Backward Classes, either by co-villagers or by police (v) matters relating to environmental pollution, disturbance of ecological balance, drugs, food adulteration, maintenance of heritage and culture, antiques, forests and wild life, (vi) petitions from riot victims and (vii) other matters of public importance. (II) The matters of private nature: They include (i) threat to or harassment of the petitioner by private persons, (ii) seeking enquiry by an agency other than local police, (iii) seeking police protection, (iv) land lordtenant dispute (v) service matters, (vi) admission to medical or engineering colleges, (vii) early hearing of matters pending in High Court and subordinate courts and are not considered matters of public interest. (III) Letter Petitions: Petitions received by post even though not in public interest can be treated as writ petitions if so directed by the Hon’ble Judge nominated for this purpose. Individual petitions complaining harassment or torture or death in jail or by police, complaints of atrocities on women such as harassment for dowry, bride burning, rape, murder and kidnapping, complaints relating to family pensions and complaints of refusal by police to register the case can be registered as writ petitions, if so approved by the concerned Hon’ble Judge. If deemed expedient, a report from the concerned authority is called before placing the matter before the Hon’ble Judge for directions. If so directed by the Hon’ble Judge, the letter is registered as a writ petition and is thereafter listed before the Court for hearing. Procedure for Filing Public Interest Litigation. (a) Filing Public Interest Litigation petition is filed in the same manner, as a writ petition is filed. If a PIL is filed in a High Court, then two (2) copies of the petition have to be filed (for Supreme Court, then (4)+(1)(i.e.5) sets) Also, an advance copy of the petition has to be served on the each respondent, i.e. opposite party, and this proof of service has to be affixed on the petition. (b) The Procedure A Court fee of Rs. 50 , per respondent (i.e. for each number of party, court fees of Rs 50) have to be affixed on the petition. Proceedings, in the PIL commence and carry on in the same manner, as other cases. However, in between the proceedings if the Judge feels that he may appoint the commissioner, to inspect allegations like pollution being caused, trees being cut, sewer problems, etc. After filing of replies, by opposite party, or rejoinder by the petitioner, final hearing takes place, and the judge gives his final decision. Against whom Public Interest Litigation can be filed A Public Interest Litigation can be filed against a State/ Central Govt., Municipal Authorities, and not any private party. The definition of State is the same as given under Article 12 of the Constitution and this includes the Governmental and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislature of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. According to Art.12, the term â€Å"State† includes the Government and Parliament of India and the Government and the Legislatures of each of the States and all local or other authorities within the territory of India or under the control of the Government of India. Thus the authorities and instrumentalities specified under Art.12 are – †¢ The Government and Parliament of India †¢ The Government and Legislature of each of the States †¢ All local authorities †¢ Other authorities within the territory of India or under the Government of India. In Electricity Board, Rajasthan v. Mohan Lal, the Supreme Court held that â€Å"other authorities would include all authorities created by the Constitution of India or Statute on whom powers are conferred by law†. However, â€Å"Private party† can be included in the PIL as â€Å"Respondent†, after making concerned state authority, a party. For example- if there is a Private factory in Delhi, which is causing pollution, then people living nearly, or any other person can file a PIL against the Government of Delhi, Pollution Control Board, and against the private factory. However, a PIL cannot be filed against the Private party alone. Aspects of Public Interest Litigation (a) Remedial in Nature: Remedial nature of PIL departs from traditional locus standi rules. It indirectly incorporated the principles enshrined in the part IV of the Constitution of India into part III of the Constitution. By riding the aspirations of part IV into part III of the Constitution had changeth the procedural nature of the Indian law into dynamic welfare one. Bandhu Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Unnikrishnan v. State of A.P., etc were the obvious examples of this change in nature of judiciary. (b) Representative Standing: Representative standing can be seen as a creative expansion of the well-accepted standing exception which allows a third party to file a habeas corpus petition on the ground that the injured party cannot approach the court himself. And in this regard the Indian concept of PIL is much broader in relation to the American. PIL is a modified form of class action. (c) Citizen standing: The doctrine of citizen standing thus marks a significant expansion of th e court’s rule, from protector of individual rights to guardian of the rule of law wherever threatened by official lawlessness. (d) Non-adversarial Litigation: In the words of Supreme Court in People’s Union for Democratic Rights v. Union of India, â€Å"We wish to point out with all the emphasis at our command that public interest litigation†¦is a totally different kind of litigation from the ordinary traditional litigation which is essentially of an adversary character where there is a dispute between two litigating parties, one making claim or seeking relief against the other and that other opposing such claim or resisting such relief†. Non-adversarial litigation has two aspects: 1. Collaborative litigation: In collaborative litigation the effort is from all the sides. The claimant, the court and the Government or the public official, all are in collaboration here to see that basic human rights become meaningful for the large masses of the people. PIL helps executive to discharge its constitutional obligations. Court assumes three different functions other than that from traditional dete rmination and issuance of a decree. (i). Ombudsman- The court receives citizen complaints and brings the most important ones to the attention of responsible government officials. (ii) Forum – The court provides a forum or place to discuss the public issues at length and providing emergency relief through interim orders. (iii) Mediator – The court comes up with possible compromises. 2. Investigative Litigation: It is investigative litigation because it works on the reports of the Registrar, District Magistrate, comments of experts, newspapers etc. (e) Crucial Aspects: The flexibility introduced in the adherence to procedural laws. In Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra v. State of U.P., Supreme Court rejected the defense of Res Judicta. Court refused to withdraw the PIL and ordered compensation too. To curtail custodial violence, Supreme Court in Sheela Barse v. State of Maharashtra, issued certain guidelines. Supreme Court has broadened the meaning of Right to live with human dignity available under the Article 21 of the Constitution of India to a greatest extent possible. (f) Relaxation of strict rule of Locus Standi: The strict rule of locus standi has been relaxed by way of (a) Representative standing, and (b) Citizen standing. In D.C.Wadhwa v. State of Bihar, Supreme Court held that a petitioner, a professor of political science who had done substantial research and deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions, challenged the practice followed by the state of Bihar in repromulgating a number of ordinances without getting the approval of the legislature. The court held that the petitioner as a member of public has ‘sufficient interest’ to maintain a petition under Article 32. The rule of locus standi have been relaxed and a person acting bonafide and having sufficient interest in the proceeding of Public Interest Litigation will alone have a locus standi and can approach the court to wipe out violation of fundamental rights and genuine infraction of statutory provisions, but not for personal gain or private profit or political motive or any oblique consideration†¦court has to strike balance between two conflicting interests: (i) nobody should be allowed to indulge in wild and reckless allegations besmirching the character of others; and (ii) avoidance of public mischief and to avoid mischievous petitions seeking to assail, for oblique motives, justifiable executive and the legislature. It is depressing to note that on account of trumpery proceedings initiated before the courts, innumerable days are wasted, which time otherwise could have been spent for the disposal of cases of genuine litigants. Though the Supreme Court spares no efforts in fostering and developing the laudable concept of PIL and extending its ling arm of sympathy to the poor, ignorant, the oppressed and the needy whose fundamental rights are infringed and violated and whose grievances go unnoticed, unrepresented and unheard. (g) Epistolary Jurisdiction: The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes. This jurisdiction is somehow different from collective action. Number of PIL cells was open all over India for providing the footing or at least platform to the needy class of the society. Factors that have contributed to growth of PIL. Among, the numerous factors that have contributed to the growth of PIL in this country, the following deserve special mention: †¢ The character of the Indian Constitution. Unlike Britain, India has a written constitution which through Part III (Fundamental Rights) and Part IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) provides a framework for regulating relations between the state and its citizens and between citizens inter-se. †¢ India has some of the most progressive social legislation to be found anywhere in the world whether it be relating to bonded labor, minimum wages, land ceiling, environmental protection, etc. This has made it easier for the courts to haul up the executive when it is not performing its duties in ensuring the rights of the poor as per the law of the land. †¢ The liberal interpretation of locus standi where any person can apply to the court on behalf of those who are economically or physically unable to come before it has helped. Judges themselves have in some cases initiated suo moto action based on newspaper articles or letters received. †¢ Although social and economic rights given in the Indian Constitution under Part IV are not legally enforceable, courts have creatively read these into fundamental rights thereby making them judicially enforceable. For instance the â€Å"right to life† in Article 21 has been expanded to include right to free legal aid, right to live with dignity, right to education, right to work, freedom from torture, bar fetters and hand cuffing in prisons, etc. †¢ Sensitive judges have constantly innovated on the side of the poor. for instance, in the Bandhua Mukti Morcha case in 1983, the Supreme Court put the burden of proof on the respondent stating it would treat every case of forced labor as a case of bonded labor unless proven otherwise by the employer. Similarly in the Asiad Workers judgment case, Justice P.N. Bhagwati held that anyone getting less than the minimum wage can approach the Supreme Court directly without going through the labor commissioner and lower courts †¢ In PIL cases where the petitioner is not in a position to provide all the necessary evidence, either because it is voluminous or because the parties are weak socially or economically, courts have appointed commissions to collect information on facts and present it before the bench. Mechanism for protection of Human Rights through PIL Features of PIL through the mechanism of PIL, the courts seek to protect human rights in the following ways: 1) By creating a new regime of human rights by expanding the meaning of fundamental right to equality, life and personal liberty. In this process, the right to speedy trial, free legal aid, dignity, means and livelihood, education, housing, medical care, clean environment, right against torture, sexual harassment, solitary confinement, bondage and servitude, exploitation and so on emerge as human rights. These new re-conceptualised rights provide legal resources to activate the courts for their enforcement through PIL. 2) By democratization of access to justice. This is done by relaxing the traditional rule of locus standi. Any public spirited citizen or social action group can approach the court on behalf of the oppressed classes. Courts attention can be drawn even by writing a letter or sending a telegram. This has been called epistolary jurisdiction. 3) By fashioning new kinds of relief’s under the court’s writ jurisdiction. For example, the court can award interim compensation to the victims of governmental lawlessness. This stands in sharp contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model of adjudication where interim relief is limited to preserving the status quo pending final decision. The grant of compensation in PIL matters does not preclude the aggrieved person from bringing a civil suit for damages. In PIL cases the court can fashion any relief to the victims. 4) By judicial monitoring of State institutions such as jails, women’s protective homes, juvenile homes, mental asylums, and the like. Through judicial invigilation, the court seeks gradual improvement in their management and administration. This has been characterized as creeping jurisdiction in which the court takes over the administration of these institutions for protecting human rights. 5) By devising new techniques of fact-finding. In most of the cases the court has appointed its own socio-legal commissions of inquiry or has deputed its own official for investigation. Sometimes it has taken the help of National Human Rights Commission or Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) or experts to inquire into human rights violations. This may be called investigative litigation. Conclusion Public Interest Litigation is working as an important instrument of social change. It is working for the welfare of every section of society. It’s the sword of every one used only for taking the justice. The innovation of this legitimate instrument proved beneficial for the developing country like India. PIL has been used as a strategy to combat the atrocities prevailing in society. It’s an institutional initiative towards the welfare of the needy class of the society. In Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India, Supreme Court ordered for the release of bonded labourers. In Murli S. Dogra v. Union of India, the Supreme Court banned smoking in public places. In a landmark judgment of Delhi Domestic Working Women’s Forum v. Union of India, Supreme Court issued guidelines for rehabilitation and compensation for the rape on working women. In Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan, Supreme court has laid down exhaustive guidelines for preventing sexual harassment of working wome n in place of their work It would be appropriate to conclude by quoting Cunningham, â€Å"Indian PIL might rather be a Phoenix: a whole new creative arising out of the ashes of the old order.† PIL represents the first attempt by a developing common law country to break away from legal imperialism perpetuated for centuries. It contests the assumption that the most western the law, the better it must work for economic and social development such law produced in developing states, including India, was the development of under developed men. The shift from legal centralism to legal pluralism was prompted by the disillusionment with formal legal system. In India, however instead of seeking to evolve justice- dispensing mechanism ousted the formal legal system itself through PIL. The change as we have seen, are both substantial and structural. It has radically altered the traditional judicial role so as to enable the court to bring justice within the reach of the common man. Further, it is humbly submitted that PIL is still is in experimental stage. Many deficiencies in handling the kind of litigation are likely to come on the front. But these deficiencies can be removed by innovating better techniques. In essence, the PIL develops a new jurisprudence of the accountability of the state for constitutional and legal violations adversely affecting the interests of the weaker elements in the community. We may end with the hope once expressed by Justice Krishna Iyer, â€Å"The judicial activism gets its highest bonus when its orders wipe some tears from some eyes†